A loader (bucket loader, front loader, front-end loader,
payloader, scoop, shovel, skip loader, or wheel loader) is a heavy equipment
machine used in construction and sidewalk maintenance to move aside or load
materials such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs,
raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, woodchips, etc. into or onto
another type of machinery (such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or
railroad car).
Description
Loader removing snow in Jyväskylä, Finland.
A track loader
Close-up of articulated steering apparatus
A loader is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on
tracks, that has a front-mounted square wide bucket connected to the end of two
booms (arms) to scoop up loose material from the ground, such as dirt, sand or
gravel, and move it from one place to another without pushing the material
across the ground. A loader is commonly used to move a stockpiled material from
ground level and deposit it into an awaiting dump truck or into an open trench
excavation.
The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or
permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or
tools—for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping
containers, and a hydraulically opening "clamshell" bucket allows a
loader to act as a light dozer or scraper. The bucket can also be augmented
with devices like a bale grappler for handling large bales of hay or straw.
Large loaders, such as the Kawasaki 95ZV-2, John Deere 844K,
Caterpillar 950H, Volvo L120E, Case 921E, or Hitachi ZW310 usually have only a
front bucket and are called Front Loaders, whereas small loader tractors are
often also equipped with a small backhoe and are called backhoe loaders or
loader backhoes or JCBs, after the company that first claim to have invented
them. Other companies like CASE in America and Whitlock in the UK had been
manufacturing Excavator Loaders well before JCB.
The largest loader in the world is LeTourneau L-2350.
Currently these large loaders are in production in the Longview, Texas
facility. The L-2350 uses a diesel electric propulsion system similar to that
used in a locomotive. Each rubber tired wheel is driven by its own independent
electric motor.
Loaders are used mainly for loading materials into trucks,
laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient
machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels,
like a backhoe can. The capacity of a loader bucket can be anywhere from 0.5 to
36 m3 depending upon the size of the machine and its application. The front
loader's bucket capacity is generally much bigger than a bucket capacity of a
backhoe loader.
Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not
tracked, although track loaders are common. They are successful where sharp
edged materials in construction debris would damage rubber wheels, or where the
ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not
damage paved roads as much as tracks, but provide less traction.
In construction areas loaders are also used to transport
building materials - such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over
short distances.
Front loaders are commonly used to remove snow especially
from sidewalks, parking lots, and other areas too small for using snowplows and
other heavy equipment. They are sometimes used as snowplows with a snowplow
attachment but commonly have a bucket or snowbasket, which can also be used to
load snow into the rear compartment of a snowplow or dump truck.
High-tip buckets are suitable for light materials such as
chip, peat and light gravel and when the bucket is emptied from a height.
Unlike backhoes or standard tractors fitted with a front
bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead,
they steer by a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the
front and rear axles. This is referred to as "articulated steering"
and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight.
Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase.
Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is
able to "steer" his load in an arc after positioning the machine,
which can be useful. The tradeoff is that when the machine is
"twisted" to one side and a heavy load is lifted high, it has a
greater risk of turning over to the "wide" side.
Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades,
especially in urban engineering projects and small earthmoving works. Heavy
equipment manufacturers offer a wide range of loader sizes and duties.
The term "loader" is also used in the debris
removal field to describe the boom on a grapple truck.
Armored wheel loaders
Armored wheel loader of the Israeli Defense Forces
The Israeli Combat Engineering Corps uses armored
Caterpillar 966 wheel loaders for construction and combat engineering missions
in hostile territories such as the West Bank. They are often seen building or
removing road blocks and building bases and fortifications. Since 2005, they
have also been used to demolish small houses. The Israel Defense Forces added
armor plating to the loader to protect it against rocks, stones, molotov
cocktails, and light gunfire.
Rio de Janeiro's police elite squad Batalhão de Operações
Policiais Especiais (BOPE) has acquired one wheel loader designed for military
use to open routes and make way for the police in Rio de Janeiro's slums, which
are controlled, and blocked, by drugdealers.
Several if not most countries have similar equipment. The
Dutch armed forces for instance use models like the Werklust WG18Edef, which
weighs 15 tons, 2 more than the corresponding unarmored civilian model. In
addition, the Dutch military previously used extra armor modules covering most
of the window surface with steel for extra protection. These were however not
popular with the crews due to low visibility.
Tractor front loaders
These loaders are a popular addition to tractors from 50 to
200 hp. Its current 'drive-in' form was originally designed and developed in
1958 by a Swedish company namned Ålö when they launched their Quicke loader.[3]
Tractor loaders were developed to perform a multitude of farming tasks, and are
popular due to their relatively low cost (compared to Telehandler) and high
versatility. Tractor loaders can be fitted with many attachments such as
hydraulic grabs and spikes to assist with bale and silage handling, forks for
pallet work, and buckets for more general farm activities.
Compact front end loaders
Abram Dietrich Thiessen of Eyebrow Saskatchewan in the 1940s
built the first quick attach front end loader. International Harvester's took a
picture of the loader and replicated it at the Regina Agribition in November of
the same year. Abe Thiessen born in Russia, raised in Canada, born December 5,
1925 died May 29, 2013.
Semi-curved compact loader on a John Deere compact utility
tractor
Visibility comparison of different loader designs
Front-end loaders (FELs) are popular additions to compact
utility tractors and farm tractors. Compact utility tractors, also called CUTs,
are small tractors, typically with 18 to 50 horsepower (37 kW) and used
primarily for grounds maintenance and landscape chores. There are 2 primary
designs of compact tractor FELs, the traditional dogleg designed style and the
curved arm style.
John Deere Tractor manufactures a semi-curved loader design
that does not feature the one piece curved arm, but also is not of the
traditional two piece design. New Holland Ag introduced a compact loader with a
one piece curved arm on its compact utility tractors, similar one piece curved
arm loaders are now available on compact tractors on many brands including
Case/Farmall, and some Montana and Kioti tractors. Kubota markets traditional
loader designs on most of its compact tractors but now features a semi-curved
loader design similar to the John Deere loader design on several of its small
tractors.
While the front-end loaders on CUT size tractors are capable
of many tasks, given their relatively small size and low capacities when
compared to commercial loaders, the compact loaders can be made more useful
with some simple options. A toothbar is commonly added to the front edge of a
loader bucket to aid with digging. Some loaders are equipped with a quick coupler,
otherwise known as a quick attach (QA) system. The QA system allows the bucket
to be removed easily and other tools to be added in its place. Common additions
include a set of pallet forks for lifting pallets of goods or a bale spear for
lifting hay bales.
Skid loaders & track loaders
A skid loader is a small loader utilizing four wheels with
hydraulic drive that directs power to either, or both, sides of the vehicle.
Very similar in appearance and design is the track loader, which utilizes a
continuous track on either side of the vehicle instead of the wheels. Since the
expiration of Bobcat's patent on its quick-connect system, newer tractor models
are standardizing on that popular format for front end attachments.
Swingloaders
A swing loader is a rigid frame loader with a swinging boom.
The boom can swing 180 degrees or more. Swingloaders are primarily used by the
railroad industry to lay rail. Like other loaders many attachments can be
attached to the boom such as magnets, forks, and buckets. Smaller swingloaders
are used in farming applications for loading out. A swinging boom is advantageous
where space is limited. The loader is able to lift on all sides and dump off on
all sides.
Gallery
A Hanomag loader
DK45 with and
without a toothbar on the bucket
A relatively small
front loader
A loader with a
specialized claw used to move logs at a sawmill
A Caterpillar 930G
fitted with a loader rake on a residential construction site in South Florida.
The front of a
Caterpillar 930G fitted with loader rake.
Wacker Neuson
wheel loaders at a trade fair
Compact utility
tractor with a front loader showing two different measurement points for loader
capacities
Swingmaster
Swingloader
A Liugong ZL50A in
Guilin East Railway Station, Guilin, Guangxi, China
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