Vehicle inspection is a procedure mandated by national or
subnational governments in many countries, in which a vehicle is inspected to
ensure that it conforms to regulations governing safety, emissions, or both.
Inspection can be required at various times, e.g., periodically or on transfer
of title to a vehicle. If required periodically, it is often termed periodic
motor vehicle inspection; typical intervals are every two years and every year.
An inspection decal or inspection sticker is a type of sticker placed on the
vehicle's windshield when it passes inspection. Inspection stations are places
to drive inside to see if a vehicle passes inspection once a vehicle is due for
inspection. Most US inspection decals/stickers display the month's number and the
year.
In some jurisdictions, proof of inspection is required
before a vehicle licence or license plate can be issued or renewed. In others,
once a vehicle passes inspection, a decal is attached to the windshield, and
police can enforce the inspection law by seeing whether the vehicle displays an
up-to-date decal. In the case of a vehicle lacking a windshield (e.g., a
trailer or motorcycle), the decal is typically attached to the vehicle body or
license plate.
There is some controversy over whether periodically
inspecting motor vehicles is a cost-effective way to improve road traffic
safety.
Americas
Brazil
In Brazil inspections are performed by private companies
designated by the cities. Annual inspection is mandatory for all diesel
vehicles; all natural gas, gasoline and alcohol vehicles except for new
vehicles registered in the current year; all motorcycles and motorbikes,
independent of year of fabrication (two-stroke engines are exempt).
Vehicles are tested for noise level and emissions levels;
After passing inspection the driver is issued an electronic
stamp ('selo eletrônico') associated to the license plate of the vehicle. In
São Paulo, traffic cameras identify vehicles that did not get their annual
inspection and issue tickets. Inspection costs around R$40,00.
Canada
Emissions test
required in some regions
Periodic safety
inspection
Emissions test in
some regions and safety inspection upon vehicle transfer
Safety inspection
upon transfer of the vehicle
Emission testing programs in Canada include AirCare in the
Lower Mainland of British Columbia and Ontario's Drive Clean in southern
Ontario only.
Safety testing regulations vary through the different
provinces. In Manitoba for example, upon buying a car (new or used), a valid
safety check must be done before it can be registered. Dealerships are required
to provide the buyer with a new safety, while private sellers are not (if a
private seller so chooses, they may pay for, and issue a new safety in order to
make it more appealing to buy). In either case, if the vehicle bought has not
had a safety test within the last year, the buyer must safety the vehicle
before it can be registered with Manitoba Public Insurance. From the point the
car is registered, no safety test is required as long as the car remains with
the current owner (however, if something goes wrong, auto mechanics and
dealerships have the right to refuse to let the client drive away with an
unsafe car).
The provinces of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island
require annual safety inspections, in Nova Scotia, a safety inspection is
required every two years. Ontario and British Columbia require biennial
emission testing, although only the Lower Mainland of B.C., which includes the
City of Vancouver, and the southern part of Ontario, require any testing. The
rest of the province is without such legislation.
Mar 2008 "CAA-Quebec is recommending that the
government implement mandatory inspections for motor vehicles more than eight
years old, because this would result in significantly fewer emissions being
produced by Quebec's automobiles."
United States
PennDOT-issued sign at an auto garage stating that it
performs vehicle inspections for cars registered in Pennsylvania.
Wisconsin vehicle emissions inspection station
In the United States, each state government is free to
decide whether to require vehicle safety inspection, as well as the specifics
of the inspection program. 18 states have a periodic (annual or biennial)
safety inspection program, while Maryland requires an inspection prior to
registration or transfer of ownership only.
Under the Clean Air Act (1990), states are required to
implement vehicle emission inspection programs in metropolitan areas whose air
quality does not meet federal standards. The specifics of those programs vary
from state to state. Some states, including Florida, Kentucky and Minnesota,
have discontinued their testing programs in recent years with approval from the
federal government.
In most states, such inspections are done at state-operated
garages, usually near the local DMV office.[citation needed] Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New York, North Carolina, New Hampshire, Louisiana,
Missouri, Maine, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin are notable exceptions, instead
opting to have privately owned garages doing inspections with approval from the
state DOT.
On August 1, 2010, New Jersey became the 30th state that
does not inspect vehicles for safety. They continue to emission-test all
vehicles over 5 years old every two years.
Asia
Japan
Under the Japanese shaken (車検) program, personal cars and 2
wheeled motorcycles have the first shaken last 3 years with every 2 years
requiring a new shaken.
China
Chinese Rural Vehicle (CRV) operators can be fined by the
police if their vehicle emits visible smoke. Regulations are established and
enforced by province/economic region/city as appropriate. New vehicles must
pass regulations (Euro spec) in effect on the day of manufacture.
Singapore
Cars are required to obtain a safety and emissions
inspection every other year starting in the third model year, and annually
after 10 model years. Motorcycles and mopeds must be inspected annually
starting in the third model year. Buses, taxicabs, commercial vehicles, and
trailers must be inspected every year or six months depending on the vehicle's
age. An up to date inspection (if required) is needed to renew a vehicle's road
tax.
Turkey
Until 2008 the vehicle inspection was limited to
administrative checks (whether all taxes have been paid) and a visual check if
the car matches the documents. In August 2005 the Turkish government decided to
introduce a vehicle inspection scheme following the directive 96/96/EC of the
European Union. Since there was no technical equipment available for real
roadworthiness tests a contract was laid out with the German TÜV SÜD that was
presenting itself for the task in syndication with two Turkish corporations.
The TÜV Türk trust is given a monopoly on car inspection for 20 years.
Beginning with 2009 the TÜV test is mandatory for all cars with the inspection
scheme to follow the German inspection scheme - however there is a transition
period up to 2013 where established TÜV regulations are not followed as
strictly as in mainland Europe. The shift in vehicle inspection policies is
nevertheless rather sharp - since the old vehicle inspection service was
strickened with corruption no staff members were taken over to the TÜV Süd, the
internal inspection protocol is stricter than in Germany as to prevent any
corruption. The introduction of the TÜV was accompanied with a strong
propaganda program to agitate the requirement for a modern inspection scheme
(e.g. the number of fatal road accidents was three times as high as in mainland
Europe despite most of the country to be very rural). Additionally, it is
expected that the connection with the German Turks allows for most citizens to
have some knowledge how to cope with the TÜV inspection scheme. Also, private
vehicle inspection company otorapor.com is inspecting vehicles. Otorapor is
doing 150 point inspection and 99 point inspection.
Europe
The Council directive 96/96/EC of 20 December 1996 mandates
all member states to carry out periodic safety and emission inspections for
most types of motor vehicles. It also sets minimum requirements for those
inspections and their intervals - for light commercial vehicles (up to 3.5 t)
and private cars (up to 8 seats) the first inspection shall occur no later than
4 years and at a frequency of up to 2 years thereafter. All other types of
vehicles shall be subject to yearly inspection (busses, vans, trucks, trailers,
taxis, ambulances, coaches). Vehicles from the military and fire departments
are exempted from the directive.
Austria
Austrian decal
In Austria, all vehicles must undergo a "Wiederkehrende
Begutachtung nach § 57a KFG" (recurring inspection under section 57a of
the motor vehicle statute). A decal is placed on the vehicle's windscreen
(usually the upper left-hand corner as seen from outside the vehicle), hence
the inspection itself is colloquially referred to as "Pickerl" (literally:
sticker). The color of the decal is white for vehicles with a catalytic
converter, and green for vehicles without one. Punch holes indicate the month
and year that the next inspection is due. The actual inspection can be carried
out one month in advance of that date and up to four months after the date
indicated on the decal; the vehicle remains roadworthy during that time. Unless
the inspection is overdue in the sense just described, the roadworthiness
certificate is transferable, meaning a potential new owner will get a new decal
with the same date, but the corrected license plate number upon registration of
her vehicle. However, the latest official inspection report has to be presented
for this purpose to the authority issuing the new registration documents and
license plates.
The first inspection on new passenger cars is required after
three years, another one two years on, while thereafter passenger cars must
pass the official inspection annually to remain roadworthy. Heavy trucks and
motorcycles must undergo annual inspections from the very first year.
Inspections are carried out by specially licensed garages and by Austria's two
major automotive clubs. The Austrian motor vehicle inspection covers both
aspects of vehicle safety and emissions standards.
Belgium
In Belgium, vehicle inspections are known as "control
technique", in which all cars over 4 years old must undergo an annual
test. There is an opportunity to gain a bonus (biennial test) from the time the
vehicle is 4 years old and not older than 6 years, if certain conditions are
met. Cars must also be inspected before the registration (title) can be
transferred, and also when buying an used car. Commercial vehicles must undergo
an annual test, immediately after the first registration. Cars that pass the
inspection receive a green certificate, which must be carried in the vehicle at
all times along with other required documentation. Oftentimes, the inspection
certificate will note findings that weren't critical enough to fail a vehicle for
the inspection, but may be an area of concern and something that may come up
during the next annual inspection. Vehicles that fail the inspection, however,
receive a red certificate. Details of why the vehicle failed the inspection are
included on the red certificate, and the owner of the vehicle has a maximum of
two weeks to make the necessary repairs to correct the findings on the red
certificate, and must return the vehicle for a second inspection. When a
dangerous defect is discovered, the vehicle gets a ban on driving, and should
only be driven to a mechanic. The vehicle cannot be legally driven without
passing the vehicle inspection. Drivers will be fined if caught driving the
vehicle with an expired green certificate, or if driving the vehicle beyond the
two week grace period allowed for repairs after being issued the red
certificate.
Vehicle inspection centers can be found throughout Belgium.
A vehicle may go through inspection at any of these centers, however if the
vehicle fails inspection at one center, it must return to that same center for
a retest within the two week deadline.
Vehicles undergo a series of tests, including exhaust
emissions, lights, suspension, brakes, tires, and checks for impairing vehicle
body damage and rust, and a strict control of the required vehicle documents.
Bulgaria
All cars over 3 years old must undergo an annual test. This
test is conducted at accredited garages and at KAT police stations. This test
is rather basic with only the brakes being tested.
Finland
Finland has a long tradition of vehicle inspection, dating
back to year 1917. Vehicle inspection was initially carried by cities and
provincial inspectors but starting from year 1968 the inspection moved to
national governing body of road vehicle administration known as
Autorekisterikeskus. In 1994 the vehicle inspection was opened for competition
and in 1996 Autorekisterikeskus was split as administrative body
Ajoneuvohallintokeskus (AKE) and inspection company Suomen Autokatsastus Oy.
Nowadays, Liikenteen Turvallisuusvirasto TraFi, the successor of
Ajoneuvohallintokeskus since beginning of the 2010, governs the inspection
companies and keeps track of inspection quality and the inspections are carried
by private companies. During the years, the inspection procedures and
facilities have improved greatly and nowadays the quality of inspection is on
such level that mechanical failures as immediate cause for fatal crashes in
whole country are minimal.
In Finland, the "Määräaikaiskatsastus" (periodic
inspection) is required for all passenger cars, vans, trucks, ATVs and for
trailers with maximum structural weight of more than 750 kilograms. Inspection
interval depends on vehicle class and usage. For privately used passenger car,
inspection must be carried after three and five years counting from the
specified date of first deployment and every year after fifth year. For
privately used van, the first inspection must be carried after three years and
every year after third year. If there is no specified date of first deployment
(for instance 00.00.1987) the time of inspection is determined by the last
number of license plate. The inspection period also varies depending on vehicle
class and usage but for privately used passenger cars and vans the length of
the period is four months preceding the date specified in date of first
deployment or four months preceding the last date of inspection specified by
the license plate number.
The periodic inspection includes verification of vehicle
register information (VIN, taxes, insurance), a test drive, brake testing,
inspection of lights and compulsory equipment, superficial inspection for
visibility and handling hindrances and bodywork, undercarriage inspection for
suspension parts and corrosion and emission measurements (requirements vary
depending on propellant and date of first deployment). The emission measurement
can be taken on a registered repair shop prior to the inspection. If done so, a
proper measurement certificate must be shown at inspection. Upon passed
inspection, a new "Part one" of registration certificate is printed
and handed to customer among with inspection report. If inspection fails, the
faults found during the inspection must be repaired and the vehicle needs to be
shown at the same inspection station for "Jälkitarkastus" (recheck)
within one month of the inspection.
France
Vehicle testing has been mandatory in France since 1992. The
first inspection (Contrôle Technique) is carried out after four years then
subsequently every two years. A blue and white CT sticker affixed inside the
windscreen indicates when the next test is due. A more than 6 month valid CT is
required prior to transfer of ownership.
Germany
German decal
Germany requires safety inspection and emission inspection
every two years for passenger cars. New passenger cars have to obtain their
first roadworthiness certificate after three years. Heavy duty vehicles need to
be presented to the vehicle inspection authorities (e.g. TÜV, DEKRA, KÜS, GTÜ,
...) every year. The safety inspection decal is placed on the rear license
plate; the emission inspection decal was placed on the front license plate
until it was phased out in 2010 and integrated into the safety inspection. The
decal is placed with the number of the expiration month pointing to the top, and
the colour of the decal changes every year. That way, the date of expiry can be
checked at a glance and from far away, hence the black mark around the
Greece
(KTEO) In Greece every passenger vehicle is required to
undergo an inspection after four years from purchase (if new) and then every
two years. Taxis, learner vehicles and heavy transport vehicles must undergo an
inspection every year. Inspection centers can be either public or private
companies. Private vehicle technical control centres (P-VTCC or I-KTEO in
Greek) had to be accredited according to ISO 17020 standard. This requirement
changed and P-VTCCs must be certified according to ISO 9001:2008 standard.
Hungary
In Hungary every vehicle is required to be tested for road
worthiness and emission. In case of passenger cars the first inspection is
after four years for new vehicles, and every two years afterwards. Inspection
decals are placed on the rear license plate, and it is also documented in the
vehicle's registration document.
Ireland
In Ireland, the National Car Test (NCT) is required for cars
four or more years of age to be inspected for various items, such as brakes,
lighting, bodywork condition, emissions, etc. A disc which must be displayed on
the windscreen is issued to cars that pass the test. The disc is valid for two
year and then every one year after the car has reached 10 years in age, after
which the car must then be retested.
A Certificate of Roadworthiness is required for goods
vehicles, or vehicles carrying more than eight passengers (buses). This is
commonly referred to as a "DOE" cert and the test is carried out in
approved garages.
Italy
In Italy when a vehicle is 4 years old it must undergo its
first inspection. After this, inspections will be required every second year.
Buses, taxicabs and ambulances are inspected every year. The inspection can be
done by authorized inspection-garages which are located in many towns. The
inspection focuses on safety especially tires, brakes, lights, horn, but since
a few years the inspection on emission became tougher. After a succeeded test
the garage will print out a sticker with the title "esito regolare"
and the date when the inspection was made which has to be stuck on the vehicle
title branding (carta di circolazione) The inspection costs between 50 and €70
(depending on the county-taxes).
Netherlands
In the Netherlands the "Algemene Periodieke
Keuring" (APK) or General Periodical Inspection is mandatory for vehicles
aging 3 – 50 years. The inspection of vehicles up to 30 years old is annual,
biennial for vehicles from 30–50 years old, older vehicles are exempt. The
inspection includes conforming to safety and emission standards in force in the
year of first introduction of the car. Registration is all digital and public,
there are no longer visible stickers or decals on the vehicle, and since July
2008 the paper inspection report does not need to be carried in the car
anymore.
Norway
In Norway, the vehicle inspection is called "Periodisk
Kjøretøykontroll", which translates to "Periodic vehicle
inspection", although it is commonly referred to as "EU
kontroll", for its origin from the European Union. When a car is 4 years
old it must undergo its first inspection. After this, inspections will be
required every second year. Buses, taxicabs and ambulances are inspected every
year. The inspection focuses on safety and emission. After the inspection is
completed, the owner will be given a check list with errors that must be
repaired before the vehicle can pass. If the car only have errors marked with
1, or none errors at all, the car will pass immediately. The errors are rated
depending on how dangerous they are, with the grades of 1, 2 and 3. Errors
marked with 1 will not require a re-inspection. Errors marked with 2 will
require a re-inspection, but the owner can use the car until the inspection
deadline. Errors marked with 3 are very rare, and prohibits the user from using
the car until those errors are repaired.
The inspection cost is usually between 75-130 US dollars
(400-700 Norwegian Kroner). Vehicles may be inspected at garages approved by
the NPRA. Without a passed inspection, the license plates will be withdrawn and
the car will no longer be street legal. The police and the NPRA are checking
license plates at a regular interval to check if the car has passed the
inspection, if the road tax is paid and the car is insured.
Poland
In Poland there's an annual inspection requirement for most
vehicles. New passenger car vehicles (of age 4 or less) have to be inspected
according to the following intervals 3-2-1 years. Inspections are performed by
accredited garages. The inspection includes checking of main car systems like
brakes, suspension, lights and steering, as well as emission and presence of
mandatory equipment. An additional, separate inspection is required for cars
that are running on autogas. Pass of inspection is confirmed in registration
certificates. When a car does not pass the inspection, the owner is requested
to fix the cause and then pass subsequent inspection. A registration certificate
may be also revoked in case the vehicle is in fatal technical condition.
Driving a car without valid inspection is subject to a fine.
Russia
In Russia all vehicles must pass a periodic inspection
ensuring their road worthiness that includes the adherence to the respective
regulations. To pass the inspection the vehicle must not exceed the mandated
emission level (currently Euro-3), the brakes must have no leaks and the brake
forces must be symmetrical, steering slip must not exceed the mandated parameters
(from 10° for cars to 25° for heavy trucks), all lights must provide the
required color, aim and brightness of the emitted light, and the vehicle must
be equipped with the first aid kit, fire extinguisher and the emergency stop
sign. The windshield must have a functional washer, and while window tinting is
allowed, including the blinds on the windshield and rear window, they must pass
the required amount of light.
To pass the inspection a driver must get to a police vehicle
registration center or an authorized service station and present a vehicle for
inspection. If the vehicle passes, then the driver would receive a certificate
of worthiness that must be presented to the insurance company to obtain the
compulsory vehicle insurance. The lack of the valid insurance certificate or
driving with the elapsed one is subject to heavy fines and eventual revocation
of the Driver's License. The test periodicity varies with the type of vehicle.
Commercial buses (defined as vehicles that carry >8 persons aside from a
driver) and oversize/dangerous cargo trucks must be inspected each 6 months,
heavy trucks (>3.5 tons loaded weight) are inspected annually, while the new
cars, bikes and light trucks (< 3.5 tons) must be first inspected after
three years, then bi-annually until they are 7 years old, after which the
inspections become annual.
Spain
Spanish vehicles are required to undergo an Inspección
Técnica de Vehículos, better known as the ITV. Private civilian vehicles must
be revised after 4 years from the date of their first registration and
afterwards must be revised every 2 years until 10 years; Afterwards, they must
be revised annually.
Slovakia
Slovakia requires safety inspection technická kontrola and
emission inspection emisná kontrola every two years for passenger cars. New
passenger cars have to obtain their first roadworthiness certificate after four
years. Heavy duty vehicles need to be presented to the safety inspection every
year. The safety inspection and emission inspection decals is placed on the
front glass (right down).
Sweden
The road worthiness of cars is tested for the first time
after three years, the second time two years later, and thereafter once every
year. For cars classified as veteran/classic cars (currently occurring when the
car reaches age 30), road worthiness is tested every second year. Since July
2010 the inspection can be performed by any vehicle inspection body accredited
by SWEDAC.
United Kingdom
MOT Logo
The MOT test (from Ministry of Transport, the former name of
the Department for Transport) is a mandatory annual test of safety,
roadworthiness and exhaust emissions for vehicles over three years old. It is
enforced by making the possession of a current valid MOT certificate compulsory
when purchasing a Vehicle Excise Duty tax disc which must be displayed on the
vehicle window.
After the first MOT (when your vehicle is three years old)
you have to get the vehicle tested every 12 months in the UK (unlike most of
the EU, which is every 24 months after four years from new). You are allowed to
get the vehicle MOT tested up to 28 days prior to the annual test date and have
an effective 13 month MOT.
Isle of Man
In the Isle of Man, vehicle inspections are required if a
vehicle over three years old is imported. This was introduced to prevent
vehicles that had failed inspection regimes elsewhere being moved to the
island, where there are no routine inspections for motorcycles and private
cars.
Hire cars over three years old, as well as all goods
vehicles and passenger vehicles require an annual inspection.
Inspections are also required if a vehicle has been off the
road (not registered and insured) for more than two years to prove they are
suitable for re-registering them.
Oceania
Australia
Main article: Vehicle inspection in Australia
Vehicle inspection in Australia is done on a state basis.
Each state or territory has the authority to set its own laws pertaining to
vehicle inspections, all (with the exception of the self-governing territory of
Norfolk Island) have some form of inspection, either periodically or before a
transfer of ownership.
In the state of Queensland, there is no legal requirement
for a private vehicle's owner to have periodic vehicle inspections. The only
time a vehicle inspection is mandatory is when a vehicle is being sold and must
display a current Roadworthy Certificate (RWC) as an assurance to buyers that a
vehicle meets minimum safety standards. Without a RWC, the vehicle can only be
sold on an "as-is" basis, which does not entitle the vehicle to be
lawfully driven on public roads or registered until a RWC is obtained. Heavy
vehicles (e.g.: trucks) and public passenger vehicles (e.g.: limousines, taxis,
public buses) have dedicated inspection schemes that must be complied with
periodically, usually every 6–12 months.
In the state of Victoria, there is no legal requirement for
a private vehicle to have periodic vehicle inspections. The only time a vehicle
inspection is required is when a vehicle:
- is being transferred to a new owner.
- is being registered after a period of being un-registered.
- is being registered for the first time (excluding brand
new production vehicles), e.g. used imported cars, individually constructed
vehicles etc.
- has been labeled an un-roadworthy vehicle by a member of
the police or Vicroads in which case you will have 30 days to have the vehicle
tested.
In Victoria, a satisfactory inspection is deemed in a
"Roadworthy Condition" and is issued with a Roadworthy Certificate
(RWC) which are valid for 30 days. An RWC checks general safety items of the
car such as tyres, bakes lights etc., however, an emissions test is not
required.
New Zealand
The New Zealand Transport Agency requires most vehicles to
maintain a Warrant of Fitness through periodic inspections from licensed
inspectors. Cars and light vehicles newer than six years old (From date of
first registration anywhere) must be inspected at least once every twelve
months; older cars require six-monthly inspections. Heavy vehicles and some
classes of light vehicles (such as rental cars) must instead maintain a
Certificate of Fitness, which requires a six-monthly inspection regardless of
the age of the vehicle.
Africa
South Africa
A roadworthy vehicle is considered to be roadworthy until it
is changes hands. A vehicle purchaser is required to register the
change-of-ownership of a vehicle. The new owner must present a Roadworthy
Certificate (CoR) in order to receive a new license (disk) for the vehicle. A
new license plate number is also issued at that time.
If your motor vehicle is used for public transport or is a
heavy-load vehicle (excluding buses), it is tested for roadworthiness every
year before the motor vehicle licence is renewed. A bus must be tested for
roadworthiness every six months.
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