PLATFORM: Architectural style / REF / 477 / 2014

An architectural style is characterized by the features that make a building or other structure notable and historically identifiable. A style may include such elements as form, method of construction, building materials, and regional character. Most architecture can be classified as a chronology of styles which changes over time reflecting changing fashions, beliefs and religions, or the emergence of new ideas, technology, or materials which make new styles possible.

Styles therefore emerge from the history of a society and are documented in the subject of architectural history. At any time several styles may be fashionable, and when a style changes it usually does so gradually, as architects learn and adapt to new ideas. The new style is sometimes only a rebellion against an existing style, such as post-modernism (means "after modernism") which has in recent years found its own language and split into a number of styles with other names.

Styles often spread to other places, so that the style at its source continues to develop in new ways while other countries follow with their own twist. For instance, the Renaissance began in Italy around 1425 and spread to all of Europe over the next 200 years, with the French, Belgian, German, English, and Spanish Renaissance being recognisably the same style, but with unique characteristics. A style may also spread through colonialism, either by foreign colonies learning from their home country, or by settlers moving to a new land. One example is the Spanish missions in California, brought by Spanish priests in the late 18th century and built in a unique style.

After a style has gone out of fashion, there are often revivals and re-interpretations. For instance, classicism has been revived many times and found new life as neoclassicism. Each time it is revived, it is different. The Spanish mission style was revived 100 years later as the Mission Revival, and that soon evolved into the Spanish Colonial Revival.

Vernacular architecture works slightly differently and is listed separately. It is the native method of construction used by local people, usually using labour-intensive methods and local materials, and usually for small structures such as rural cottages. It varies from region to region even within a country, and takes little account of national styles or technology. As western society has developed, vernacular styles have mostly become outmoded by new technology and national building standards.

Chronology of styles

Prehistoric

Early civilizations developed, often independently, in scattered locations around the globe. The architecture was often a mixture of styles in timber cut from local forests and stone hewn from local rocks. Most of the timber has gone, although the earthworks remain. Impressive, massive stone structures have survived.

Neolithic 10,000-3000 BC

Ancient Americas

Mesoamerican

Talud-tablero

Maya

Puuc

Aztec

Mediterranean and Middle-East Civilizations

Phoenician 3000-500 BC

Ancient Egyptian 3000 BC - 373 AD

Minoan 3000?+ BC (Crete)

Knossos (Crete)

Mycenaean 1600-1100 BC (Greece)

Ancient Near East and Mesopotamia

Sumerian 5300-2000 BC

Iranian and Persian

Ancient Persian

Achaemenid

Sassanid

Iranian, c. 8th century+ (Iran)

Persian Garden Style (Iran)

Classical Style - Hayat

Formal Style - Meidān (public) or Charbagh (private)

Casual Style - Park (public) or Bāgh (private)

Paradise garden

Islamic

Islamic 691 onwards

Moorish c. 8th century - 1492 (Northern Africa, Spain, Portugal)

Ottoman c. 1300-1918 (Turkey)

Asian

Bengalese

Indian

Indian rock-cut architecture

Karnataka

Pakistani

Ancient India

Mauryan 321-185 BC (All India)

Historic temple styles

Buddhist Temple 1st century AD

Hindu Temple in 3 styles -

Nagara Style

Dravida Style 610-?

Vesara Style (a combination of Nagara and Dravida)

Dravidian and Vesara temple styles

Badami Chalukya aka "Central Indian temple style" or "Deccan architecture" 450-700

Rashtrakuta 750-983 (Central and South India)

Western Chalukya aka Gadag 1050-1200 (Karnataka)

Hoysala 900-1300 (Karnataka)

Vijayanagara 1336-1565 (South India)

Other historic eras

Māru-Gurjara Temple Architecture 500-?? (Rajastan)

Maha-Maru

Maru-Gurjara

Kalinga Architecture (Orissa and N Andhra Pradesh)

Rekha Deula

Pidha Deula

Khakhara Deula

Hemadpanthi 1200-? (Maharashtra)

Islamic influences

Indo-Islamic

Mughal 1540-? (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)

Akbari

Mughal Garden Style

Sharqi aka Janpur Style

Indo-Saracenic Revival aka Hindu Style, Indo-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, Neo-Mughal, Hindu-Gothic late 19th century (British India aka The Raj)

Also

Harappan 3300-1600 BC

Sikh

Classical Antiquity

The architecture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, derived from the ancient Mediterranean civilisations such as at Knossos on Crete. They developed highly refined systems for proportions and style, using mathematics and geometry.

Classical 600 BC - 323 AD

Ancient Greek 776-265 BC

Roman 753 BC – 663 AD

Herodian 37-4 BC (Judea)

Early Christian 100-500

Byzantine 527 (Sofia) - 1520

The Dark Ages

The European "Dark Ages" are generally taken to run from the end of the Roman Empire, circa around 400 AD, to around 1000 AD. Relatively little is known of this period, but Christianity (spread by the Romans) was already making a significant impact on European culture, and the Romans left a technological and social legacy.

Europe

Armenian 4th-16th centuries

Anglo-Saxon 450s-1066 (England and Wales)

Bulgarian 681+

The First Bulgarian Empire 681-1018

Tarnavo Artistic School 13th-14th centuries (Bulgaria)

Pre-Romanesque c. 700-1000 (Merovingian and Carolingian empires)

Merovingian 5th-8th centuries (France, Germany, Italy and neighbouring locations)

Visigothic 5th-8th centuries (Spain and Portugal)

Asturian 711-910 (North Spain, North Portugal)

Carolingian 780s-9th century (mostly France, Germany)

Ottonian 950s-1050s (mostly Germany)

Repoblación 880s-11th century (Spain)

Serbian

Raska School 12th-15th centuries

Morava School

Medieval Europe

The dominance of the Church over everyday life was expressed in grand spiritual designs which emphasized piety and sobriety. The Romanesque style was simple and austere. The Gothic style heightened the effect with heavenly spires, pointed arches and religious carvings.

Medieval

Byzantine architecture -1520 (see above)

Kievan Rus' architecture 988-1237

Romanesque

Pre-Romanesque (see above)

First Romanesque 1000-? (France, Italy, Spain)

(including "Lombard Romanesque" in Italy)

Romanesque 1000-1300

Norman 1074-1250 (Normandy, UK, Ireland, Italy, Malta)

Cistercian monasteries mid-12th century (Europe)

Associated styles

Timber frame styles (UK, France, Germany, Holland)

Tarnovo Artistic School 13th-14th century (Bulgaria)

Architecture of the California missions 1769-1823 (California, US)

Gothic

1140-1520

Gothic

Early English Period c. 1190—c. 1250

Decorated Period c. 1290–c. 1350

Perpendicular Period c. 1350–c. 1550

Rayonnant Gothic 1240-c. 1350 (France, Germany, Central Europe)

Venetian Gothic 14th-15th centuries (Venice in Italy)

Spanish Gothic

Mudéjar Style c. 1200-1700 (Spain, Portugal, Latin America)

Aragonese Mudéjar c. 1200-1700 (Aragon in Spain)

Isabelline Gothic 1474-1505 (reign) (Spain)

Plateresque 1490-1560 (Spain & colonies, bridging Gothic and Renaissance styles)

Flamboyant Gothic 1400-1500 (Spain, France, Portugal)

Brick Gothic c. 1350–c. 1400

Manueline 1495-1521 (Portugal & colonies)

The Renaissance and its successors

1425-1660. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread through Europe, rebelling against the all-powerful Church, by placing Man at the centre of his world instead of God. The Gothic spires and pointed arches were replaced by classical domes and rounded arches, with comfortable spaces and entertaining details, in a celebration of humanity. The Baroque style was a florid development of this 200 years later, largely by the Catholic Church to restate its religious values.

Renaissance c. 1425-1600 (Europe, American colonies)

Central European Renaissance

Polish Renaissance

French Renaissance

Eastern European Renaissance

Palladian 1516-1580 (Venezia, Italy; revived in UK)

Mannerism 1520-1600

Polish Mannerism 1550-1650

Eastern Orthodox Church 1400?+ (Southeast and Eastern Europe)

United Kingdom

Tudor 1485–1603

Elizabethan 1480-1620?

Jacobean 1580-1660

Spain and Portugal

Spanish Renaissance

Herrerian 1550-1650 (Spain & colonies)

Plateresque continued from Spanish Gothic -1560 (Spain & colonies, Low Countries)

Portuguese Renaissance

Portuguese Plain style 1521-1706 (Portugal & colonies)

Colonial

Portuguese Colonial c. 1480-1820 (Brazil, India, Macao)

Spanish Colonial 1520s–c. 1820s (New World, East Indies, other colonies)

Dutch Colonial 1615-1674 (Treaty of Westminster) (New England)

Chilotan 1600+ (Chiloé and southern Chile)

First Period 1625-1725 pre-American vernacular

French Colonial

Colonial Georgian architecture

Baroque

1600-1800, up to 1900

Baroque c. 1600-1750 (Europe, the Americas)

English Baroque 1666 (Great Fire) – 1713 (Treaty of Utrecht)

Spanish Baroque c. 1600-1760

Churrigueresque, 1660s-1750s (Spain & New World), revival 1915+ (southwest US, Hawaii)

French Baroque c. 1650-1789

Dutch Baroque c. 1650-1700

Sicilian Baroque 1693 earthquake – c. 1745

Portuguese Joanine baroque c. 1700-1750

Russian Baroque (c. 1680-1750)

Naryshkin Baroque c. 1690-1720 (Moscow, Russian Empire)

Ukrainian Baroque late 17th-18th centuries (Kyiv, Russian Empire)

Petrine Baroque c. 1700-1745 (St.Petersburg, Russian Empire)

Elizabethian Baroque 1736-1762 (Russian Empire)

Rococo c. 1720-1789 (France, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain)

Neoclassicism

1720-1837 and onwards. A time often depicted as a rural idyll by the great painters, but in fact was a hive of early industrial activity, with small kilns and workshops springing up wherever materials could be mined or manufactured. After the Renaissance, neoclassical forms were developed and refined into new styles for public buildings and the gentry.

Neoclassical

Neoclassical c. 1715-1820

Beaux-Arts 1670+ (France) and 1880 (US)

Georgian 1720-1840s (UK, US)

Jamaican Georgian architecture c. 1750 - c. 1850 (Jamaica)

American Colonial 1720-1780s (US)

Pombaline style 1755-c. 1860 (Lisbon in Portugal)

Adam style 1760-1795 (England, Scotland, Russia, US)

Federal 1780-1830 (US)

Empire 1804-1830, revival 1870 (Europe, US)

Regency 1811-1830 (UK)

Palazzo Style 1814-1930? (Europe, Australia, US)

Neo-palladian

Jeffersonian 1790s-1830s (Virginia in US)

American Empire 1810

Greek Revival architecture

Rundbogenstil 1835-1900 (Germany)

Neo-Grec 1845–65 (UK, US, France)

Nordic Classicism 1910-30 (Norway)

Polish Neoclassicism (Poland)

New Classical Architecture 20th/21st century (global)

Revivalism and Orientalism

Late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Victorian Era was a time of giant leaps forward in technology and society, such as iron bridges, aqueducts, sewer systems, roads, canals, trains, and factories. As engineers, inventors, and businessmen they reshaped much of the British Empire, including the UK, India, Australia, South Africa, and Canada, and influenced Europe and the United States. Architecturally, they were revivalists who modified old styles to suit new purposes.

Revival architecture

Resort architecture (Germany)

Victorian 1837-1901 (UK)

PLATFORM

Friday, 25 July 2014

Architectural style / REF / 477 / 2014

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