An urban planner or city planner is a professional who works
in the field of urban planning/land use planning for the purpose of optimizing
the effectiveness of a community's land use and infrastructure. They formulate
plans for the development and management of urban and suburban areas, typically
analyzing land use compatibility as well as economic, environmental and social
trends. In developing their plan for a community (whether commercial,
residential, agricultural, natural or recreational), urban planners must also
consider a wide array of issues such as sustainability, air pollution, traffic
congestion, crime, land values, legislation and zoning codes.
The importance of the urban planner is increasing throughout
the 21st century, as modern society begins to face issues of increased
population growth, climate change and unsustainable development. An urban
planner could be considered a green collar profession.
Urban planners are usually hired by developers, private
property owners, private planning firms and local/regional governments to
assist in the large-scale planning of communal and commercial developments, as
well as public facilities and transportation systems. Urban planners in the
public role often assist the public and serve as technical advisors in the
complex web of the community's political environment. Related disciplines
include community, cultural, environmental, historic preservation, housing,
regional and transportation planning.
By country/ institutions
Australia
Urban planners in Australia typically graduate from a
Planning Institute Australia (PIA) certified course provided by universities
across all states and territories. Such courses are generally Bachelors degrees
of four years duration, although there are also Masters degrees and
Postgraduate Diplomas available.
Canada
Professional urban planners are recognized by the Canadian
Institute of Planners (CIP). The CIP represents a membership of approximately
7000 planning professionals across Canada. Urban planners in Canada usually
hold bachelor's degrees in planning or a Master's degree typically accredited
as an M.Pl, MUP (Master of Urban Planning) MCP (Master of City Planning),
MScPl, MES (Master of Environmental Studies) or simply an MA. Planners
primarily work in the public service and the private sector, in a wide variety
of fields including land use planning, environmental resource management, land
development, heritage conservation, social planning, transportation planning
and economic development.
Greece
Urban planners in Greece typically graduate from Engineering
faculties. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and University of Thessaly are
the two universities that provide undergraduate studies in urban planning in
Greece
India
Though planning is not a recognized profession under Indian
law, the profession began in 1941 with the School of Planning and Architecture
as a Department of Architecture of Delhi Polytechnic. It was later integrated
with the School of Town and Country Planning which was established in 1955 by
the Government of India to provide facilities for rural, urban and regional
planning. On integration, the school was renamed as School of Planning and
Architecture in 1959. Today, it is one of the premier schools of pursuing
planning studies at bachelor, masters and post doctorate levels.
The Institute of Town Planners, India (ITPI), set up on the
lines of the Royal Town Planning Institute in London is the body representing
planning professionals in India. A small group formed itself into an Indian Board
of Town Planners which after three years of continuous work formed the ITPI.
The institute, which was established in July 1951, today, has a membership of
over 2800, apart from a sizable number of student members, many of whom have
qualified Associateship Examination (AITP) conducted by ITPI. As of 2012, the
institute has 21 regional chapters across India.
Israel
The Israel Planners Association was founded in 1965. Urban
planning is taught by the Technion Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning
in Haifa and the Center for Urban and Regional Studies at the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem.
Mexico
Urban planners in Mexico typically graduate from an
Architecture background provided by major universities in the country. Most of
such degrees can be awarded at Masters' graduate studies, although there are
also Bachelors degrees available.
New Zealand
A professional postgraduate Masters in Planning degree from
an institution accredited by the New Zealand Planning Institute is required to become a professional planner.
The University of Otago has a good reputation for their Planning programs.
Graduates are employed by many planning and planning-related agencies in the
public and the private sectors, including district and regional councils, urban
development, regional health authorities, the Department of Conservation, the
Ministry for the Environment, and urban design consultancies. New Zealand planners
are recognized internationally with many working abroad in developed and
developing countries.
South Africa
The South African Council for Planners (SACPLAN) is the
statutory Council of nominated members appointed in terms of the Planning
Profession Act, 2002 (Act 36 of 2002) by the Minister of Rural Development and
Land Reform (Department of Rural Development and Land Reform) to regulate the
Planning Profession(Planning is both the organisational process of creating and
maintaining a plan) in terms of the Act. The Planning Profession Principles
applies to all registered planners. The SACPLAN through the Act assures quality
in the planning profession through the identification of planning profession
work that only registered planners can undertake. The functions of the SACPLAN
are contained in Section 7 of the Act. The powers and duties of the SACPLAN are
contained in Section 8 of the Act. The Act further prescribes a Professional
Code of Conduct for registered planners
United Kingdom
Those wishing to be a town or country planner, in the United
Kingdom, first must complete a degree in a relevant discipline and then
complete a final year in the form of a masters in town and country planning
which must be accredited by the Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI), or a four
year degree encapsulating all aspects. they can then become eligible to be a
member of the RTPI, but must first complete two years work based training, to
be a full member.
Town planners in the UK are responsible for all aspects of the
built environment, wherever you are within the UK a town and country planner
will have at sometime planned the built aspects of the environment. They (Local
Planning Authorities) grant planning permission (consent) to individuals,
private builders and corporations and also aid local government with their
decisions.
United States
Planners in the U.S. typically complete an undergraduate or
graduate degree from a University offering the program of study. Professional
certification is only offered through the American Institute of Certified
Planners (AICP), a branch of the American Planning Association. To gain AICP
certification, a planner must meet specific educational and experience
requirements, as well as pass an exam covering the nature and practice of the
discipline. Although AICP certification is not required to be a practicing
planner, it does serve as a means in which a planner can verify his or her
professional expertise.
Specialisations
As more pronounced issues have arose with the development of
larger cities, the scope of work within urban planning has diversified. The
following are specializations within the field of urban planning:
Economic
Development
Environmental
Planning
Geographic
Information Systems
Heritage Planning
Infrastructure Planning
International
Development
Metropolitan
Planning
Neighborhood
Planning
Open Space
Planning
Park Planner
Planning Barrister
Real Estate
Development
Regeneration
Planning
Regional Planning
Social Planning
Statutory Planning
Strategic Urban
Planning
Tourism Planner
Transportation
Planning
Urban Design
All planners deal with land use, space and place, but they
provide different viewpoints towards the planning of the built environment. For
instance, in planning for a neighbourhood centre, the economic development
planner would suggest locations that are economically viable and would be
subjected to a steady flow of potential customers. He or she would analyse
statistics and projections like the floor-space needed, where the customers are
to be drawn from, location of competitors and so forth. The urban designer will
come in and suggest principles that make the neighbourhood centre 'liveable',
including how to ensure safety in design, design guidelines for developers, and
so forth. The infrastructure and transport planner would ensure the efficient
provision of basic infrastructure services, including water, electricity and
sewerage needed for the smooth running of the businesses, as well as plan for
basic public transport services or delineate out cycling paths.
Education and training
See Urban planning education for a discussion of this topic.
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