Vegetable oil refining is a
process to transform vegetable oil into fuel by hydrocracking or hydrogenation.
Hydrocracking breaks big molecules into smaller ones using hydrogen while
hydrogenation adds hydrogen to molecules. These methods can be used for
production of gasoline, diesel, and propane. Produced diesel fuel is known as
green diesel or renewable diesel.
Feedstock
The majority of plant and animal
oils are vegetable oils which are triglycerides—suitable for refining. Refinery
feedstock includes canola, algae, jatropha, salicornia and tallow.[citation
needed] One type of algae, Botryococcus braunii produces a different type of
oil, known as a triterpene, which is transformed into alkanes by a different
process.[citation needed]
Comparison to biodiesel
Based on its feedstock green
diesel could be classified as biodiesel; however, based on the processing
technology and chemical formula green diesel and biodiesel are different
products. The chemical reaction commonly used to produce biodiesel is known as
transesterification. Vegetable oil and alcohol are reacted, producing esters,
or biodiesel, and the coproduct, glycerol.[citation needed]
When refining vegetable oil, no
glycerol is produced, only fuels. Refined diesel can be produced that is chemically
identical to diesel fuel and does not have the problems specific to
transesterified biodiesel. Any blending ratio can be used, and no modifications
or checks are required for any diesel engine.[citation needed]
Commercialization
Some commercial examples of
vegetable oil refining are NExBTL, H-Bio, the ConocoPhilips process, and the UOP/Eni
Ecofining process. Neste Oil is the largest manufacturer, producing 2 million
tons annually (2013). Neste Oil completed their first NExBTL plant in the summer
2007 and the second one in 2009. Petrobras planned to use 256 megalitres
(1,610,000 bbl) of vegetable oils in the production of H-Bio fuel in 2007.
ConocoPhilips is processing 42,000 US gallons per day (1,000 bbl/d) of
vegetable oil.
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