The ATP test is a process of
rapidly measuring actively growing microorganisms through detection of
adenosine triphosphate, or ATP.
ATP testing method
ATP is a molecule found in and
around living cells, and as such it gives a direct measure of biological
concentration and health. ATP is quantified by measuring the light produced
through its reaction with the naturally occurring firefly enzyme luciferase using
a luminometer. The amount of light produced is directly proportional to the
amount of living organisms present in the sample.
ATP tests can be used to:
Control biological treatment reactors
Guide biocide dosing programs
Determine drinking water cleanliness
Manage fermentation processes
Assess soil activity
Determine corrosion / deposit process type
Measure equipment or product sanitation
1st generation testing vs. 2nd
generation testing
1st generation ATP tests are derived
from hygiene monitoring uses where samples are relatively free of
interferences. 2nd Generation tests are specifically designed for water,
wastewater and industrial applications where, for the most part, samples
contain a variety of components that can interfere with the ATP assay.
How ATP is measured
ATP is a molecule found only in
and around living cells, and as such it gives a direct measure of biological
concentration and health. ATP is quantified by measuring the light produced
through its reaction with the naturally-occurring firefly enzyme Luciferase
using a Luminometer. The amount of light produced is directly proportional to
the amount of biological energy present in the sample.
Within a water sample containing
microorganisms, there are two types of ATP:
Intracellular ATP – ATP contained within living biological cells.
Extracellular ATP – ATP located outside of biological cells that has
been released from dead or stressed organisms.
Accurate measurement of these two
types of ATP is critical to utilizing ATP-based measurements. Being able to
accurately measure these different types of ATP offers the ability to assess
biological health and activity, and subsequently control water and wastewater
processes.
Limitations of ATP testing
The correlation of detectable ATP
as an indicator of live cells has been proven in numerous studies, however the
following conditions impact the accuracy of ATP testing.
Dirt or soils which obscure sampled surfaces.
Biofilm made by colonized bacteria which shield cells from acquisition
by swabbing.
Bacteria on surfaces that are not sampled by the swab.
Swab contact with live human cells from hands, or body fluids.
Presence of beneficial bacteria found in food production.
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