Vehicle recycling is the dismantling of vehicles for spare
parts. At the end of their useful life, vehicles have value as a source of
spare parts and this has created a vehicle dismantling industry. The industry
has various names for its business outlets including wrecking yard, auto
dismantling yard, car spare parts supplier, and recently, auto or vehicle
recycling. Vehicle recycling has always occurred to some degree but in recent
years manufacturers have become involved in the process. A car crusher is often
used to reduce the size of the scrapped vehicle for transportation to a steel
mill.
Approximately 12-15 million vehicles reach the end of their
use each year in just the United States alone. These automobiles, although out
of commission, can still have a purpose by giving back the metal that is
contained in them. The vehicles are shredded and the metal content is recovered
for recycling, while the rest is put into a landfill. The shredder residue of
the vehicles that is not recovered for metal contains many other recyclable
materials including 30% of it as polymers, and 5-10% of it as residual metals.
Modern vehicle recycling attempts to be as cost-effective as possible in recycling
those residual materials. Currently, 75% of the materials are able to be
recycled. As the most recycled consumer product, end-of-life vehicles provide
the steel industry with more than 14 million tons of steel.
Process
The process of recycling a vehicle is extremely complicated
as there are many parts to be recycled and many hazardous materials to remove.
Briefly, the process begins with incoming vehicles being inventoried for parts.
Then, recyclers start the engine in order to inspect for leaks. After
inventory, fluids are drained and removed. After the fluids are removed, the
final remaining hazardous materials such as battery, mercury, and sodium azide
(the propellant used in air bags) are removed. After all of the parts and
products inside are removed, the remaining shell of the vehicle is crushed and
recycled.
Benefits
Recycling steel saves energy and natural resources. The
steel industry saves enough energy to power about 18 million households for a
year, on a yearly basis. Recycling metal also uses about 74 percent less energy
than making metal. Thus, recyclers of end-of-life vehicles save an estimated 85
million barrels of oil annually that would have been used in the manufacturing
of other parts. Likewise, recycling a car keeps 11 million tons of steel and
800,000 non-ferrous metals out of landfills and back in consumer use. Before
the 2003 model year, some vehicles that were manufactured were found to contain
mercury auto switches, historically used in convenience lighting and antilock
braking systems. Recyclers remove and recycle this mercury before the vehicles
are shredded to prevent it from escaping into the environment. In 2007, over
2100 pounds of mercury were collected by 6265 recyclers.
Policies
Car scrapyard in Grimsby, UK
If a vehicle is abandoned on the roadside or in empty lots,
licensed dismantlers in the United States can legally obtain them so that they
are safely converted into reusable or recycled commodities. In 1997, the
European Commission adopted a Proposal for a Directive which aims at making
vehicle dismantling and recycling more environmentally friendly by setting
clear targets for the recycling of vehicles. This proposal encouraged many in
Europe to consider the environmental impact of end-of-life vehicles. In
response, there are companies that will provide services including: the pick-up
of end-of-life vehicles from anywhere in North America, the assurance that the
vehicle is handled appropriately, the de-pollution of the vehicle in an
authorized treatment facility, and the recycling of the vehicle at shredding
operations. In September 2000, this legislation was officially adopted by the
EP and Council. Over the next decade, more legislation would be adopted in
order to clarify legal aspects, national practices, and recommendations.[6] On
July 1, 2009 and the next 55 days, the Car Allowance Rebate System, or “Cash
for Clunkers”, was an attempt at a green initiative by the United States
Government in order to stimulate automobile sales and improve the average fuel
economy of the United States. Many cars ended up being destroyed and recycled
in order to fulfill the program, and even some exotic cars were crushed.
Ultimately, as carbon footprints are of concern, some will argue that the “Cash
for Clunkers” did not reduce many owners’ carbon footprints. A lot of carbon
dioxide is added into the atmosphere to make new cars. It is calculated that if
someone traded in an 18 mpg clunker for a 22 mpg new car, it would take five
and a half years of typical driving to offset the new car’s carbon footprint.
That same number increases to eight or nine years for those who bought trucks.
Facts
The typical
passenger car consists of about 65 percent steel and iron, by weight. Also, car
bodies typically are made 25 percent of recycled steel.
Recycling one ton
of steel conserves 2500 pounds of iron ore, 1400 pounds of coal and 120 pounds
of limestone.
Approximately 10
million vehicles are recycled annually.
Cars are the
number one recycled product in the United States.
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