An architectural design competition is a type of competition
in which an organization or government body that plans to construct a new
building invites architects to submit a design proposal. The winning design is
usually chosen by an independent panel of design professionals and stakeholders
(such as government and local representatives). This procedure is often used to
generate new ideas for the building design, to stimulate public debate, to
generate publicity for the project, and to allow emerging designers the
opportunity to gain exposure. Architecture competitions are often used to award
commissions for public buildings: in some countries rules for tendering public
building contracts stipulate some form of mandatory open architectural competition.
Winning first prize in a competition is not a guarantee that
the project will be completed. The commissioning body often has the right to
veto the winning design, and both requirements and finances may change,
thwarting the original intention. The 2002 World Trade Center site design
competition is an example of a highly publicized competition where only the
basic elements of the winning design by Daniel Libeskind will appear in the
finished project.
History
Architecture competitions have a more than 2,500-year-old
history. The Acropolis in Athens was a result of an architectural competition,
as were several cathedrals in the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, many
projects initiated by the church have been decided through design competition.
Examples are the Spanish Stairs in Rome or in 1419, a competition was held to
design the dome of the Florence Cathedral, which was won by Filippo
Brunelleschi. Open competitions were held in the late 18th century in several
countries including the United States, Great Britain, Ireland, France and
Sweden.
In 19th century England and Ireland there have been over
2,500 competitions in five decades, with 362 in London alone. The Institute of
British Architects drafted a first set of rules in 1839, and a set of formal
regulations in 1872. The German Regulations were introduced in 1867. In the
same period in the Netherlands an association for the advancement of
architecture (Maatschappij tot Bevordering van de Bouwkunst) started organising
conceptual competitions with the aim of stimulating architects' creativity.
Competition types
There are a variety of competition types resulting from the
combination of following options:
Open competitions
(international, national or regional) or Limited / Selected / "Non-open"
competitions, depending on who is allowed to participate sometime preceded by
an open pre-qualification process;
Project
competitions or Ideas competitions, depending on whether the aim is to build
the project or to generate new ideas only;
One stage or Two
stage competitions, depending on the scale and complexity of the competition;
Anonymous or
Cooperative" procedures
Student design
competitions.
Rules and guidelines
The rules of each competition are defined by the organiser; however,
these often follow the guidelines provided by the International Union of
Architects, respectively the relevant national or regional architecture
organisation. Competition guidelines define roles, responsibilities, processes,
and procedures within a competition and provide guidance on possible
competition types, eligibility criteria, jury composition, participation
conditions, payments, prizes, publication of results and other aspects.
In France design competitions are compulsory for all public
buildings exceeding a certain cost.
Major international architectural design competitions
Most significant among architectural competitions are the
ones which are internationally open, attract a large number of design
submissions, and the winning design is built.
Competition Name Location
Year Winner(s) Design
entries
GeoCenter Møns Klint Denmark
Møn Island 2002 PLH Architects 292
Federation Square Australia
Melbourne 1997 Lab Architecture Studio 177
Millennium Bridge United
Kingdom London 1996 Norman Foster, Sir Anthony Caro, and Ove
Arup 200
Felix Nussbaum Museum Germany
Osnabrück 1995 Daniel Libeskind 296
Royal Danish Library Denmark
Copenhagen 1993 Schmidt Hammer Lassen 179
Kiasma Contemporary Art Museum Finland Helsinki 1992
Steven Holl 516
Austrian Cultural Forum United
States New York 1992 Raimund Abraham 226
Jewish Museum Germany
Berlin 1989 Daniel Libeskind 165
Bibliotheca Alexandrina Egypt
Alexandria 1989 Snøhetta 523
Bibliothèque Nationale de France France Paris 1989
Dominique Perrault 244
Tokyo International Forum Japan
Tokyo 1987 Rafael Viñoly 395
Opéra Bastille France
Paris 1983 Carlos Ott 750
La Grande Arche de la Défense France Paris 1982
Johan Otto von Spreckelsen 420
Parc de la Villette France
Paris 1982 Bernard Tschumi 471
Parliament House of Australia Australia Canberra 1979
Romaldo Giurgola 329
Centre Georges Pompidou France
Paris 1971 Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers 681
Toronto City Hall Canada
Toronto 1956 Viljo Revell 500
Sydney Opera House Australia
Sydney 1955 Jørn Utzon 233
ANZAC War Memorial Australia
Sydney 1929 Charles Bruce Dellit 117
Tribune Tower United
States Chicago 1922 John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood 260
Houses
of Parliament United Kingdom London 1835 Charles Barry 98
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