A fuel filter is a filter in the fuel line that screens out
dirt and rust particles from the fuel, normally made into cartridges containing
a filter paper. They are found in most internal combustion engines.
Fuel filters serve a vital function in today's modern,
tight-tolerance engine fuel systems. Unfiltered fuel may contain several kinds
of contamination, for example paint chips and dirt that has been knocked into
the tank while filling, or rust caused by moisture in a steel tank. If these
substances are not removed before the fuel enters the system, they will cause
rapid wear and failure of the fuel pump and injectors, due to the abrasive
action of the particles on the high-precision components used in modern
injection systems. Fuel filters also improve performance, as the fewer
contaminants present in the fuel, the more efficiently it can be burnt.
Fuel filters need to be maintained at regular intervals.
This is usually a case of simply disconnecting the filter from the fuel line
and replacing it with a new one, although some specially designed filters can
be cleaned and reused many times. If a filter is not replaced regularly it may
become clogged with contaminants and cause a restriction in the fuel flow,
causing an appreciable drop in engine performance as the engine struggles to
draw enough fuel to continue running normally.
Some filters, especially found on diesel engines, are of a
bowl-like design which collect water in the bottom (as water is more dense than
diesel). The water can then be drained off by opening a valve in the bottom of
the bowl and letting it run out, until the bowl contains only diesel. Many fuel
filters contain a water sensor to signal to the engine control unit or directly
to the driver (lamp on dashboard) if the water reach the warning level. It is
especially undesirable for water in fuel to be drawn into a diesel engine fuel
system, as the system relies on the diesel for lubrication of the moving parts,
and if water gets into a moving part which requires constant lubrication (for
example an injector valve), it will quickly cause overheating and unnecessary
wear. This type of filter may also include a sensor, which will alert the
operator when the filter needs to be drained. In proximity of the diesel fuel
filter there might be a fuel heater to avoid the forming of paraffin wax (in
case of low temperatures) inside the filtrating element which can stop the fuel
flow to the engine.32
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