No-till farming (also called zero tillage or direct
drilling) is a way of growing crops or pasture from year to year without
disturbing the soil
through tillage.
No-till is an agricultural technique which increases the amount of water that
infiltrates into the soil and increases organic matter retention and cycling of
nutrients in the soil. In many agricultural regions it can reduce or eliminate soil
erosion. It increases the amount and variety of life in and on the soil,
including disease-causing
organisms and disease suppression organisms. The most powerful benefit of
no-tillage is improvement in soil biological fertility, making soils more
resilient. Farm operations are made much more efficient, particularly improved
time of sowing and better trafficability of farm operations.
Background
Tilling is used to remove weeds, shape the soil into rows
for crop plants and furrows for irrigation.
This leads to unfavorable effects, like soil
compaction; loss of organic matter; degradation of soil
aggregates; death or disruption of soil microbes and
other organisms including mycorrhiza, arthropods,
and earthworms;
and soil
erosion where topsoil
is washed or blown away. No-till farming avoids these effects by excluding the
use of tillage.
With this way of farming, crop residues or other organic amenities are retained
on the soil surface and sowing/fertilizing is done with minimal soil
disturbance. Continuous no-till needs to be managed very differently in order
to keep or increase yield on the field. Residue, weeds, equipment, crop
rotations, water, disease, pests, and fertilizer management are just some of
the many details of farming that change when switching to no-till.
The idea of modern no-till started in the 1940s with Edward
Faulkner, author of Plowman's Folly, but it wasn't until the
development of several chemicals after WWII that various researchers and
farmers started to try out the idea. The first adopters of no-till include
Klingman (North Carolina), Edward Faulkner, L.A. Porter (New Zealand), Harry
and Lawrence Young (Herndon, Kentucky), the Instituto de Pesquisas
Agropecuarias Meridional (1971 in Brazil) with Herbert Bartz.
Issues
Profit, economics, yield
Studies have found that no-till farming can be more profitable if performed correctly.
Less tillage of the soil reduces labour, fuel, irrigation
and machinery costs. No-till can increase yield because of higher water
infiltration and storage capacity, and less erosion. Another benefit of no-till
is that because of the higher water content, instead of leaving a field fallow
it can make economic sense to plant another crop instead.
As sustainable agriculture becomes more
popular, monetary grants and awards are becoming readily available to farmers
who practice conservation tillage. Some large energy corporations which are
among the greatest generators of fossil-fuel-related pollution may purchase carbon
credits, which can encourage farmers to engage in conservation tillage.
Under such schemes, the farmers' land is legally redefined as a carbon sink for
the power generators' emissions. This helps the farmer in several ways, and it
helps the energy companies meet regulatory demands for reduction of pollution,
specifically carbon emissions.
No-till farming can increase organic (carbon based) matter
in the soil, which is a form of carbon sequestration. However, there is debate
over whether this increased sequestration detected in scientific studies of
no-till agriculture is actually occurring, or is due to flawed testing methods
or other factors. Regardless of this debate, there are still many other good
reasons to use no-till, e.g. reduction in fossil fuel use, no erosion, soil
quality.
Environmental
Carbon (air and soil) and other greenhouse gases
No-till has carbon sequestration potential through storage
of soil organic matter in the soil of crop fields.[14]
Tilled by machinery, the soil layers invert, air mixes in, and soil microbial
activity dramatically increases over baseline levels. The result is that soil
organic matter is broken down much more rapidly, and carbon is lost from the
soil into the atmosphere. This, in addition to the emissions from the farm
equipment itself, increases carbon
dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
Cropland soils are ideal for use as a carbon sink,
since they have been depleted of carbon in most areas. It is estimated that 78
billion metric tonnes of carbon that was trapped in the soil has been released
because of tillage. Conventional farming practices that rely on
tillage have removed carbon from the soil ecosystem by
removing crop residues such as left over corn stalks, and
through the addition of chemical fertilizers which have the above
mentioned effects on soil microbes. By eliminating tillage, crop residues decompose
where they lie, and by growing winter cover crops,
carbon loss can be slowed and eventually reversed.
Nonetheless, a growing body of research is showing that
no-till systems lose carbon stocks over time. Regarding a 2014 study of which
he was principal investigator, University of Illinois soil scientist Ken Olson
said this differing result occurs in part because tested soil samples need to
include the full depth of rooting; 1-2 meters deep. He said, “That no-till
subsurface layer is often losing more soil organic carbon stock over time than
is gained in the surface layer.” Also, there has not been a uniform definition
of soil organic carbon sequestration among researchers. The study concludes,
"Additional investments in SOC research is needed to better understand the
agricultural management practices that are most likely to sequester SOC or at
least retain more net SOC stocks."
In addition to keeping carbon in the soil, no-till farming
reduces nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions by 40-70%,
depending on rotation. Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas that stays in
the atmosphere for 120 years.
Soil and water
No-till improves soil quality (soil function), carbon,
organic matter, aggregates, protecting the soil from erosion,
evaporation of water, and structural breakdown. A reduction in tillage passes
helps prevent the compaction of soil.
Recently, researchers at the Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of
Agriculture found that no-till farming makes soil much more stable than plowed soil. Their
conclusions draw from over 19 years of collaborated tillage studies. No-till
stores more carbon in the soil and carbon in the form of organic
matter is a key factor in holding soil particles together. The first inch of
no-till soil is two to seven times less vulnerable than that of plowed soil.
The practice of no-till farming is especially beneficial to Great
Plains farmers because of its resistance to erosion.
Crop residues left intact help both natural precipitation and irrigation water
infiltrate the soil where it can be used. The crop residue left on the soil
surface also limits evaporation, conserving water for plant growth. Soil
compaction and no tillage-pan,
soil absorbs more water and plants are able to grow their roots deeper into the
soil and suck up more water.
Tilling a field reduces the amount of water, via evaporation,
around 1/3 to 3/4 inches (0.85 to 1.9 cm ) per pass. By no-tilling,
this water stays in the soil, available to the plants.
Soil biota, wildlife, etc.
In no-till farming the soil is left intact and crop residue
is left on the field. Therefore, soil layers, and in turn soil biota, are
conserved in their natural state. No-tilled fields often have more beneficial insects and annelids, a
higher microbial content, and a greater amount of soil organic material. Since
there is no ploughing there is less airborne dust.
No-till increases the amount and variety of wildlife. This
is the result of improved cover, reduced traffic and the reduced chance of
destroying ground nesting birds and animals (plowing destroys all of them).
Albedo
Tillage lowers the albedo of
croplands. The potential for global cooling as a result of increased Albedo in
no till croplands is similar in magnitude to the biogeochemical
(carbon sequestration) potential.
Historical artifacts
Tilling regularly damages ancient structures under the soil
such as long
barrows. In the UK, half of the long barrows in Gloucestershire
and almost all the burial mounds in Essex have been damaged. According to English
Heritage modern tillage techniques have done as much damage in the last six
decades as traditional tilling did in the previous six centuries. By using
no-till methods these structures can be preserved and can be properly investigated
instead of being destroyed.
Prior to no-till farming's rise in popularity, the annual
tilling of the soil often exposed arrowheads and other artifacts. Other
artifacts include bullets,
medals, and buttons, coins and other metal
items from destroyed houses and barns.
Cost
Equipment
No-till requires specialized seeding equipment designed to
plant seeds into undisturbed crop residues and soil. If the farmer has
equipment designed for tillage farming, purchasing new equipment (seed drills
for example) would be expensive and while the cost could be offset by selling
off plows, etc. doing so is not usually done until the farmer decides to switch
completely over (after trying it out for a few years). This would result in
more money being invested into equipment in the short term (until old equipment
is sold off).
Drainage
If a soil has poor drainage, it may need drainage tiles or
other devices in order to help with the removal of excess water under no-till.
Farmers should remember that water infiltration will improve after several
years of a field being in no-till, so they may want to wait until 5–8 years
have passed to see if the problems persists before deciding to invest in such
an expensive system.
Gullies
Gullies can be a problem in the long-term. While much less
soil is displaced by using no-till, any drainage gulleys that do form will get
deeper each year since they aren't being smoothed out by plowing. This may
necessitate either sod drainways, waterways, permanent drainways, cover crops,
etc.
Must be managed differently
Increased chemical use
One of the purposes of tilling is to remove weeds. No-till farming
does change weed composition drastically. Faster growing weeds may no longer be
a problem in the face of increased competition, but shrubs and trees may begin
to grow eventually.
Some farmers attack this problem with a “burn-down” herbicide
such as glyphosate
in lieu of tillage for seedbed preparation and because of this, no-till is often
associated with increased chemical use in comparison to traditional tillage
based methods of crop production. However, there are many agroecological
alternatives to increased chemical use, such as winter cover crops and the
mulch cover they provide, soil
solarization or flaming.
Management
No-till requires some different skills in order to do it
successfully. As with any production system, if no-till isn't done correctly,
yields can drop. A combination of technique, equipment, pesticides, crop
rotation, fertilization, and irrigation have to be used for local
conditions.
Cover crops
Cover crops are used occasionally in no-till to help
control weeds and increase nutrients in the soil (by using legumes) or by
using plants with long roots to pull mobile nutrients back up to the surface
from lower layers of the soil. Farmers experimenting with organic no-till use
cover crops instead of tillage for controlling weeds, and are developing
various methods to kill the cover crops (rollers, crimper, choppers, etc.) so
that the newly planted crops can get enough light, water, nutrients, etc.
Disease, pathogens, insects and the use of crop rotations
With no-till, residue
from the previous years crops lie on the surface of the field, cooling it and
increasing the moisture. This can cause increased or decreased or variations of
diseases that occur, but not necessarily at a higher or lower rate than
conventional tillage. In order to help eliminate weed, pest and disease
problems, crop rotations are used. By rotating the crops on a
multi-year cycle, pests and diseases will decrease since the pests will no
longer have a food supply to support their numbers.
Organic no-till technique: The cardboard method
Some farmers who prefer to pursue a chemical-free
management practice often rely on the use of normal, non-dyed corrugated
cardboard for use on seed-beds and vegetable areas. Used correctly, cardboard
placed on a specific area can A) keep important fungal hyphae and
microorganisms in the soil intact B) prevent recurring weeds from popping up C)
increase residual nitrogen and plant nutrients by top-composting plant residues
and D) create valuable topsoil that is well suited for next years seeds or
transplants. The plant residues (left over plant matter originating from cover
crops, grass clippings, original plant life etc.) will rot while underneath the
cardboard so long as it remains sufficiently moist. This rotting attracts worms
and other beneficial microorganisms to the site of decomposition, and over a
series of a few seasons (usually Spring-->Fall or Fall-->Spring) and up
to a few years, will create a layer of rich topsoil. Plants can then be direct
seeded into the soil come spring, or holes can be cut into the cardboard to
allow for transplantation. Using this method in conjunction with other
sustainable practices such as composting/vermicompost, cover crops and
rotations are often considered beneficial to both land and those who take from
it.
Water issues
No-till dramatically reduces the amount of erosion in a
field. While much less soil is displaced, any gullies that do form will get
deeper each year instead of being smoothed out by regular plowing. This may
necessitate either sod drainways, waterways, permanent drainways, cover crops,
etc.
A problem that occurs in some fields is water saturation in
soils. Switching to no-till will help the drainage issue because of the
qualities of soil under continuous no-till include a higher water infiltration
rate,. So, you might want to see how a field with saturated soil behaves under
no-till before deciding whether or not to purchase tiling for the area.
Equipment
It is very important to have planting equipment that can
properly penetrate through the residue, into the soil and prepare a good seedbed.
Switching to no-till reduces the maximum amount of power needed from farm
tractors, which means that a farmer can farm under no-till with a smaller tractor than if
he/she was tilling. Using a smaller, lighter tractor has the added benefit of
reducing compaction.
Soil temperature
Another problem that growers face is that in the spring the soil
will take longer to warm and dry, which may delay planting to a less ideal
future date. One reason why the soil is slower to warm is that the field
absorbs less solar energy as the residue covering the soil is a much lighter
color than the black soil which would be exposed in conventional tillage. This
can be managed by using row cleaners on a planter. Since the soil can be
cooler, harvest can occur a few days later than a conventionally tilled field.
Note: A cooler soil is also a benefit because water doesn't evaporate as fast.
Residue
On some crops, like continuous no-till corn, the thickness
of the residue on the surface of the field can become a problem without proper
preparation and/or equipment.
Fertilizer
One of the most common yield reducers is nitrogen being
immobilized in the crop residue, which can take a few months to several years
to decompose, depending on the crop's C to N ratio and the local environment.
Fertilizer needs to be applied at a higher rate during the transition period
while the soil rebuilds its organic matter. The nutrients in the organic matter
will be eventually released back into the soil, so this is only a concern
during the transition time frame (4–5 years for Kansas, USA). An innovative
solution to this problem is to integrate animal
husbandry in various ways to aid in the decomposition cycle.
Misconceptions
Need to fluff the soil
Although no-till farming often causes a slight increase in
soil bulk density, periodic tilling is not needed to “fluff” the soil back up.
No-till farming mimics the natural conditions under which most soils formed
more closely than any other method of farming, in that the soil is left
undisturbed except to place seeds in a position to germinate.
Similar terms
No-till farming is not equivalent to conservation tillage or strip tillage.
Conservation tillage is a group of practices that reduce the amount of tillage
needed. No-till and strip tillage are both forms of conservation tillage.
No-till is the practice of never tilling a field. Tilling every other year is
called rotational tillage.
SUBSCRIBERS - ( LINKS) :FOLLOW / REF / 2 /
findleverage.blogspot.com
Krkz77@yahoo.com
+234-81-83195664
For affiliation:
No comments:
Post a Comment