Hairy root culture, also called transformed root
culture, is a type of plant tissue culture that is used to study
plant metabolic processes or to produce valuable secondary metabolites or recombinant
proteins, often with plant genetic engineering.
A naturally occurring soil bacterium Agrobacterium rhizogenes that contains
root inducing plasmids (also called Ri plasmids) can infect plant roots
and cause them to produce a food source for the bacterium, opines, and to grow
abnormally. The abnormal roots are particularly easy to culture in artificial
media because hormones are not needed, and they are neoplastic,
with indefinite growth. The neoplastic roots produced by A. rhizogenes
infection have a high growth rate (compared to untransformed adventitious
roots), as well as genetic and biochemical stability.
Currently the main constraint for commercial utilization of
hairy root culture is the development and up-scaling of appropriate (bioreactors)
vessels for the delicate and sensitive hairy roots.
So far, the only company based on Non GMO Hairy root
Cultures as an industrial level is a Swiss company called ROOTec bioactives AG in Witterswil (SO). There
also is a French company called Root
Lines Technology SAS which uses Genetically Modified Hairy root cultures.
Metabolic studies
Hairy root cultures can be used for phytoremediation,
and are particularly valuable for studies of the metabolic processes involved
in phytoremediation.
Further applications include detailed studies of fundamental
molecular, genetic and biochemical aspects of genetic transformation and of
hairy root induction.
Genetically transformed cultures
The Ri plasmids can be engineered to also contain T-DNA,
used for genetic transformation (biotransformation) of the plant cells. The
resulting genetically transformed root cultures can produce high levels of
secondary metabolites, comparable or even higher than those of intact plants.
Use in plant propagation
Hairy root culture can also be used for regeneration of
whole plants and for production of artificial seeds.
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