Limnology also
called freshwater science, is the study of inland waters. It is often
regarded as a division of ecology or environmental science. It covers the biological, chemical, physical, geological, and
other attributes of all inland waters (running and standing waters, both fresh
and saline, natural or man-made). This includes the study of lakes and ponds, rivers, springs, streams and wetlands. A more
recent sub-discipline of limnology, termed landscape limnology, studies, manages, and
conserves these aquatic ecosystems using a landscape perspective.
Limnology is closely related to aquatic
ecology and hydrobiology, which study aquatic organisms in
particular regard to their hydrological environment.
History
The term limnology was coined by François-Alphonse Forel (1841–1912) who
established the field with his studies of Lake Geneva.
Interest in the discipline rapidly expanded, and in 1922 August
Thienemann (a German zoologist) and Einar
Naumann (a Swedish botanist) co-founded the International Society of Limnology
(SIL, for originally Societas Internationalis
Limnologiae). Forel's original definition of limnology, "the oceanography
of lakes", was expanded to encompass the study of all inland waters, and
influenced Benedykt Dybowski's (Polish naturalist and
physician) work on Lake Baikal.
Prominent early American limnologists included G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Ed Deevey, E. A. Birge, and C.
Juday.
Lake classification
Limnology classifies lakes (or other bodies of water)
according to the trophic state index.[1]
An oligotrophic lake is characterised by relatively low levels of primary production and low levels of nutrients.
A eutrophic lake has high levels of primary productivity due to very high
nutrient levels. Eutrophication of a lake can lead to algal
blooms. Dystrophic lakes have high levels of humic
matter and typically has yellow-brown, tea-coloured waters. These
categories do not have rigid specifications; the classification system can be
seen as more of a spectrum encompassing the various levels of aquatic
productivity.
Organizations
- Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
- Asociación Ibérica de Limnología
- Australian Society for Limnology
- Society of Canadian Limnologists
- European Society of Limnology and Oceanography
- Society of Limnology
- Italian Association for Oceanology and Limnology (AIOL)
- The Japanese Society of Limnology
- International Society of Limnology
- Brazilian Society of Limnology
- New Zealand freshwater Sciences society
- Southern African Society of Aquatic Scientists
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute
- Polish Limnological Society
- Society for Freshwater Science (formerly North American Benthological Society)
- Czech Limnological Society
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