A negative carbon dioxide emission or negative
emission or a process that is carbon negative gives a permanent
removal of the greenhouse gas carbon
dioxide from Earth's atmosphere. It is considered the direct
opposite of carbon dioxide emission, hence its name. It is the result of carbon dioxide removal technologies, such as
bio-energy with carbon
capture and storage, biochar, direct air capture or enhanced weathering.
Negative emissions is different from reducing emissions, as
the former produces an outlet of carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere, whereas the latter decreases
the inlet of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
Both have the same momentary net effect, but for achieving carbon dioxide
concentration levels below present levels, such as 350 ppm, negative emissions are
critical. Also for meeting higher concentration levels, negative emissions are
increasingly considered to be crucial as they provide the only possibility to
fill the gap between needed reductions to meet mitigation targets and global
emission trends.
In the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 released at the
2011 United Nations
Climate Change Conference, the authors commented on the need for negative
emissions, stating "Achieving lower concentration targets (450 ppm)
depends significantly on the use of BECCS".
Carbon dioxide sinks and negative carbon dioxide
emissions
A carbon dioxide sink such as a concentrated
group of plants or any other primary producer that binds carbon
dioxide into biomass, such as within forests and kelp beds, is
not carbon negative, as sinks are not permanent. A carbon dioxide sink of this
type moves carbon,
in the form of carbon dioxide, from the atmosphere or hydrosphere to the
biosphere. This process could be undone, for example by wildfires or logging.
Carbon dioxide sinks that store carbon dioxide in the
Earth's crust by injecting it into the subsurface, or
in the form of insoluble carbonate salts (mineral sequestration), are considered
carbon negative. This is because they are removing carbon from the atmosphere
and sequestering it indefinitely and presumably
for a considerable duration (thousands to millions of years).
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