Cell culture is the complex process by which cells
are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural
environment. In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the
culturing of cells derived from multi-cellular eukaryotes,
especially animal cells. However, there are also cultures of plants, fungi, insects and microbes, including viruses,
bacteria and protists.
The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated
to those of tissue culture and organ
culture.
Animal cell culture became a common laboratory
technique in the mid-1900s, but the concept of maintaining live cell lines (a
population of cells derived from a single cell and containing the same genetic
makeup) separated from their original tissue source was discovered in the 19th
century.
History
The 19th-century English physiologist Sydney
Ringer developed salt solutions containing the chlorides
of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium suitable for maintaining the
beating of an isolated animal heart outside of the body. In 1885, Wilhelm
Roux removed a portion of the medullary
plate of an embryonic
chicken and maintained it in a warm saline solution for several days,
establishing the principle of tissue culture. Ross Granville Harrison, working at Johns Hopkins Medical School and then
at Yale University, published results of his
experiments from 1907 to 1910, establishing the methodology of tissue
culture.
Cell culture techniques were advanced significantly in the
1940s and 1950s to support research in virology.
Growing viruses in cell cultures allowed preparation of purified viruses for
the manufacture of vaccines. The injectable polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk
was one of the first products mass-produced using cell culture techniques. This
vaccine was made possible by the cell culture research of John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, and Frederick Chapman Robbins, who were
awarded a Nobel
Prize for their discovery of a method of growing the virus in monkey kidney cell
cultures.
Concepts in mammalian cell culture
Isolation of cells
Cells can be isolated from tissues for ex vivo
culture in several ways. Cells can be easily purified from blood; however, only
the white cells are capable of growth in culture.
Mononuclear cells can be released from soft tissues by enzymatic digestion with
enzymes such as collagenase, trypsin, or pronase, which
break down the extracellular matrix. Alternatively, pieces of
tissue can be placed in growth media, and the cells that grow out are
available for culture. This method is known as explant
culture.
Cells that are cultured directly from a subject are known as
primary cells. With the exception of some derived from tumors, most primary cell cultures
have limited lifespan. After a certain number of population doublings (called
the Hayflick
limit), cells undergo the process of senescence
and stop dividing, while generally retaining viability.
An established or immortalized cell line has acquired the
ability to proliferate indefinitely either through random mutation or
deliberate modification, such as artificial expression
of the telomerase
gene. Numerous cell
lines are well established as representative of particular cell types.
Maintaining cells in culture
Cells are grown and maintained at an appropriate temperature
and gas mixture (typically, 37 °C, 5% CO2
for mammalian cells) in a cell incubator. Culture conditions vary widely for
each cell type, and variation of conditions for a particular cell type can
result in different phenotypes.
Aside from temperature and gas mixture, the most commonly
varied factor in culture systems is the cell growth
medium. Recipes for growth media can vary in pH, glucose concentration, growth
factors, and the presence of other nutrients. The growth factors used to
supplement media are often derived from the serum of animal blood, such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), bovine calf serum,
equine serum, and porcine serum. One complication of these blood-derived ingredients
is the potential for contamination of the culture with viruses or prions, particularly
in medical biotechnology applications. Current practice is to
minimize or eliminate the use of these ingredients wherever possible and use
human platelet lysate (hPL). This eliminates the worry of
cross-species contamination when using FBS with human cells. hPL has emerged as
a safe and reliable alternative as a direct replacement for FBS or other animal
serum. In addition, chemically defined media can be used to
eliminate any serum trace (human or animal), but this cannot always be
accomplished with different cell types. Alternative strategies involve sourcing
the animal blood from countries with minimum BSE/TSE risk, such as Australia
and New Zealand, and using purified nutrient concentrates derived from serum in
place of whole animal serum for cell culture.
Plating density (number of cells per volume of
culture medium) plays a critical role for some cell types. For example, a lower
plating density makes granulosa cells exhibit estrogen production, while a
higher plating density makes them appear as progesterone-producing
theca lutein cells.
Cells can be grown either in suspension or adherent cultures.
Some cells naturally live in suspension, without being attached to a surface,
such as cells that exist in the bloodstream. There are also cell lines that
have been modified to be able to survive in suspension cultures so they can be
grown to a higher density than adherent conditions would allow. Adherent cells
require a surface, such as tissue culture plastic or microcarrier,
which may be coated with extracellular matrix (such as collagen and laminin)
components to increase adhesion properties and provide other signals needed for
growth and differentiation. Most cells derived from solid tissues are adherent.
Another type of adherent culture is organotypic culture, which involves growing
cells in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment as opposed to two-dimensional
culture dishes. This 3D culture system is biochemically and physiologically
more similar to in vivo tissue, but is technically challenging to
maintain because of many factors (e.g. diffusion).
Cell line cross-contamination
Cell line cross-contamination can be a problem for
scientists working with cultured cells. Studies suggest anywhere from 15–20% of
the time, cells used in experiments have been misidentified or contaminated
with another cell line. Problems with cell line cross-contamination have even
been detected in lines from the NCI-60 panel, which are used routinely for
drug-screening studies. Major cell line repositories, including the American
Type Culture Collection (ATCC), the European Collection of Cell Cultures
(ECACC) and the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ),
have received cell line submissions from researchers that were misidentified by
them. Such contamination poses a problem for the quality of research produced
using cell culture lines, and the major repositories are now authenticating all
cell line submissions. ATCC uses short tandem repeat (STR) DNA
fingerprinting to authenticate its cell lines.
To address this problem of cell line cross-contamination,
researchers are encouraged to authenticate their cell lines at an early passage
to establish the identity of the cell line. Authentication should be repeated
before freezing cell line stocks, every two months during active culturing and
before any publication of research data generated using the cell lines. Many
methods are used to identify cell lines, including isoenzyme
analysis, human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) typing,
chromosomal analysis, karyotyping, morphology and STR
analysis.
One significant cell-line cross contaminant is the immortal HeLa cell line.
Other technical issues
As cells generally continue to divide in culture, they
generally grow to fill the available area or volume. This can generate several
issues:
- Nutrient depletion in the growth media
- Changes in pH of the growth media
- Accumulation of apoptotic/necrotic (dead) cells
- Cell-to-cell contact can stimulate cell cycle arrest, causing cells to stop dividing, known as contact inhibition.
- Cell-to-cell contact can stimulate cellular differentiation.
- Genetic and epigenetic alterations, with a natural selection of the altered cells potentially leading to overgrowth of abnormal, culture-adapted cells with decreased differentiation and increased proliferative capacity.
Manipulation of cultured cells
Among the common manipulations carried out on culture cells
are media changes, passaging cells, and transfecting cells. These are generally
performed using tissue culture methods that rely on aseptic
technique. Aseptic technique aims to avoid contamination with bacteria,
yeast, or other cell lines. Manipulations are typically carried out in a biosafety hood or laminar flow cabinet to exclude contaminating
micro-organisms. Antibiotics (e.g. penicillin
and streptomycin)
and antifungals (e.g.amphotericin B) can also be added to the growth
media.
As cells undergo metabolic processes, acid is produced and
the pH decreases. Often, a pH indicator is added to the medium to measure
nutrient depletion.
Media changes
In the case of adherent cultures, the media can be removed
directly by aspiration, and then is replaced. Media changes in non-adherent
cultures involve centrifuging the culture and resuspending the cells in fresh
media.
Passaging cells
Passaging (also known as subculture or splitting cells)
involves transferring a small number of cells into a new vessel. Cells can be
cultured for a longer time if they are split regularly, as it avoids the
senescence associated with prolonged high cell density. Suspension cultures are
easily passaged with a small amount of culture containing a few cells diluted
in a larger volume of fresh media. For adherent cultures, cells first need to
be detached; this is commonly done with a mixture of trypsin-EDTA; however, other
enzyme mixes are now available for this purpose. A small number of detached
cells can then be used to seed a new culture. Some cell cultures, such as RAW cells are mechanically scraped
from the surface of their vessel with rubber scrapers.
Transfection and transduction
Another common method for manipulating cells involves the
introduction of foreign DNA by transfection.
This is often performed to cause cells to express a protein of interest. More recently,
the transfection of RNAi
constructs have been realized as a convenient mechanism for suppressing the
expression of a particular gene/protein. DNA can also be inserted into cells
using viruses, in methods referred to as transduction, infection or transformation. Viruses, as parasitic
agents, are well suited to introducing DNA into cells, as this is a part of
their normal course of reproduction.
Established human cell lines
Cultured HeLa cells have been stained with Hoechst
turning their nuclei blue, and are one of the earliest human cell
lines descended from Henrietta Lacks, who died of cervical cancer from
which these cells originated.
Cell lines that originate with humans have been somewhat
controversial in bioethics, as they may outlive their parent organism and
later be used in the discovery of lucrative medical treatments. In the
pioneering decision in this area, the Supreme Court of California held in Moore v. Regents of
the University of California that human patients have no property
rights in cell lines derived from organs removed with their consent.
Generation of hybridomas
It is possible to fuse normal cells with an immortalised cell line. This method is used
to produce monoclonal antibodies. In brief, lymphocytes
isolated from the spleen
(or possibly blood) of an immunised animal are combined with an immortal myeloma
cell line (B cell lineage) to produce a hybridoma
which has the antibody specificity of the primary lymphocyte and the
immortality of the myeloma. Selective growth medium (HA or HAT) is used
to select against unfused myeloma cells; primary lymphoctyes die quickly in
culture and only the fused cells survive. These are screened for production of
the required antibody, generally in pools to start with and then after single
cloning.
Cell strains
A cell strain is derived either from a primary culture or a
cell line by the selection or cloning of cells having specific properties or
characteristics which must be defined. Cell strains are cells that have been
adapted to culture but, unlike cell lines, have a finite division potential.
Non-immortalized cells stop dividing after 40 to 60 population doublings and,
after this, they lose their ability to proliferate (a genetically determined
event known as senescence).
Applications of cell culture
Mass culture of animal cell lines is fundamental to the
manufacture of viral vaccines and other products of biotechnology
Biological products produced by recombinant
DNA (rDNA) technology in animal cell cultures include enzymes,
synthetic hormones,
immunobiologicals (monoclonal antibodies, interleukins,
lymphokines),
and anticancer agents. Although many simpler proteins
can be produced using rDNA in bacterial cultures, more complex proteins that
are glycosylated
(carbohydrate-modified) currently must be made in animal cells. An important
example of such a complex protein is the hormone erythropoietin.
The cost of growing mammalian cell cultures is high, so research is underway to
produce such complex proteins in insect cells or in higher plants, use of
single embryonic cell and somatic embryos as a source for direct gene transfer via
particle bombardment, transit gene
expression and confocal microscopy observation is one of its
applications. It also offers to confirm single cell origin of somatic embryos
and the asymmetry of the first cell division, which starts the process.
Cell culture in two dimensions
Research in tissue engineering, stem cells
and molecular biology primarily involves cultures of
cells on flat plastic dishes. This technique is known as two-dimensional (2D)
cell culture, and was first developed by Wilhelm
Roux who, in 1885, removed a portion of the medullary plate of an embryonic
chicken and maintained it in warm saline for several days on a flat glass
plate. From the advance of polymer technology arose today's standard plastic dish for 2D
cell culture, commonly known as the Petri dish.
Julius Richard Petri, a German bacteriologist,
is generally credited with this invention while working as an assistant to Robert Koch.
Various researchers today also utilize culturing laboratory
flasks, conicals, and even disposable bags like those used in single-use bioreactors.
Aside from Petri dishes, scientists have long been growing
cells within biologically derived matrices such as collagen or fibrin, and more
recently, on synthetic hydrogels such as polyacrylamide or PEG. They do this in
order to elicit phenotypes that are not expressed on conventionally rigid
substrates. There is growing interest in controlling matrix stiffness, a concept
that has led to discoveries in fields such as:
- Stem cell self-renewal
- Lineage specification
- Cancer cell phenotype
- Fibrosis
- Hepatocyte function
- Mechanosensing
Cell culture in three dimensions
Cell culture in three dimensions has been touted as
"Biology's New Dimension". Nevertheless, the practice of cell culture
remains based on varying combinations of single or multiple cell structures in
2D. That being said, there is an increase in use of 3D cell cultures in
research areas including drug discovery, cancer biology, regenerative medicine
and basic life science research. There are a variety of platforms used to
facilitate the growth of three-dimensional cellular structures such as nanoparticle facilitated
magnetic levitation, gel matrices scaffolds, and hanging drop plates.
3D Cell Culturing by Magnetic Levitation
3D Cell Culturing by Magnetic
Levitation method (MLM) is the application of growing 3D tissue by inducing
cells treated with magnetic nanoparticle assemblies in spatially varying
magnetic fields using neodymium magnetic drivers and promoting cell to cell
interactions by levitating the cells up to the air/liquid interface of a
standard petri dish. The magnetic nanoparticle assemblies consist of magnetic
iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and the polymer polylysine. 3D
cell culturing is scalable, with the capability for culturing 500 cells to
millions of cells or from single dish to high-throughput low volume systems.
Tissue culture and engineering
Cell culture is a fundamental component of tissue
culture and tissue engineering, as it establishes the basics
of growing and maintaining cells in vitro. The major application of
human cell culture is in stem cell industry, where mesenchymal stem cells can be cultured and
cryopreserved for future use. Tissue engineering potentially offers dramatic
improvements in low cost medical care for hundreds of thousands of patients
annually.
Vaccines
Vaccines for polio, measles, mumps, rubella, and chickenpox are currently made in cell cultures. Due to the
H5N1 pandemic
threat, research into using cell culture for influenza
vaccines is being funded by the United
States government. Novel ideas in the field include recombinant
DNA-based vaccines, such as one made using human adenovirus
(a common cold virus) as a vector, and novel adjuvants.
Culture of non-mammalian cells
Plant cell culture methods
Plant cell cultures are typically grown as cell suspension
cultures in a liquid medium or as callus cultures on a solid medium. The
culturing of undifferentiated plant cells and calli requires the proper balance
of the plant growth hormones auxin and cytokinin.
Insect cell culture
Cells derived from Drosophila melanogaster (most prominently, Schneider
2 cells) can be used for experiments which may be hard to do on live flies
or larvae, such as biochemical studies or studies using siRNA. Cell lines
derived from the army worm Spodoptera frugiperda, including Sf9 and Sf21, and from the
cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni, High
Five cells, are commonly used for expression of recombinant proteins using baculovirus.
Bacterial and yeast culture methods
For bacteria and yeasts, small quantities of cells are
usually grown on a solid support that contains nutrients embedded in it,
usually a gel such as agar, while large-scale cultures are grown with the cells
suspended in a nutrient broth.
Viral culture methods
The culture of viruses requires the culture of cells of
mammalian, plant, fungal or bacterial origin as hosts for the growth and
replication of the virus. Whole wild type viruses, recombinant
viruses or viral products may be generated in cell types other than their
natural hosts under the right conditions. Depending on the species of the
virus, infection and viral replication may result in host cell lysis
and formation of a viral plaque.
Common cell lines
Human cell lines
- HeLa
- National Cancer Institute's 60 cancer cell lines (NCI60)
- ESTDAB database
- DU145 (prostate cancer)
- Lncap (prostate cancer)
- MCF-7 (breast cancer)
- MDA-MB-438 (breast cancer)
- PC3 (prostate cancer)
- T47D (breast cancer)
- THP-1 (acute myeloid leukemia)
- U87 (glioblastoma)
- SHSY5Y Human neuroblastoma cells, cloned from a myeloma
- Saos-2 cells (bone cancer)
- KBM-7 cells (chronic myelogenous leukemia)
Primate cell lines
- Vero (African green monkey Chlorocebus kidney epithelial cell line initiated in 1962)
Rat
tumor cell lines
Mouse
cell lines
Plant cell lines
- Tobacco BY-2 cells (kept as cell suspension culture, they are model system of plant cell)
Other species cell lines
- Zebrafish ZF4 and AB9 cells
- Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cell line
- Xenopus A6 kidney epithelial cells
List of cell lines
|
Cell line
|
Meaning
|
Organism
|
Origin tissue
|
Link
|
||
|
293-T
|
Human
|
Kidney (embryonic)
|
||||
|
"3-day transfer, inoculum 3 x 10^5 cells"
|
Mouse
|
Embryonic fibroblast
|
||||
|
4T1
|
murine
|
breast
|
||||
|
721
|
Human
|
Melanoma
|
||||
|
9L
|
Rat
|
Glioblastoma
|
||||
|
A2780
|
Human
|
Ovary
|
Ovarian cancer
|
|||
|
A2780ADR
|
Human
|
Ovary
|
Adriamycin-resistant derivative
|
|||
|
A2780cis
|
Human
|
Ovary
|
Cisplatin-resistant derivative
|
|||
|
A172
|
Human
|
Glioblastoma
|
Malignant glioma
|
|||
|
A20
|
Murine
|
B lymphoma
|
||||
|
A253
|
Human
|
Head and neck carcinoma
|
||||
|
Human
|
Skin epithelium
|
|||||
|
Human
|
Lungcarcinoma
|
Epithelium
|
||||
|
ALC
|
Murine
|
Stroma
|
||||
|
B16
|
Murine
|
|||||
|
B35
|
Rat
|
|||||
|
Human
|
HIV+ lymphoma
|
|||||
|
BEAS-2B
|
Bronchial epithelium + Adenovirus 12-SV40 virus hybrid
(Ad12SV40)
|
Human
|
Lung
|
Epithelial
|
||
|
bEnd.3
|
Brain endothelial
|
Mouse
|
Brain/cerebral
cortex
|
Endothelium
|
||
|
Baby hamster kidney fibroblast cells
|
||||||
|
BR 293
|
Human
|
Breast
|
Breast cancer
|
|||
|
BxPC3
|
Biopsy xenograph of pancreatic carcinoma line 3
|
Human
|
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
|
Epithelial
|
||
|
Mouse
|
Myoblast cell line
|
|||||
|
C3H-10T1/2
|
Mouse
|
Embryonic mesenchymal cell line
|
||||
|
C6/36
|
Larval tissue
|
|||||
|
C6
|
Rat
|
|||||
|
Cal-27
|
Human
|
Tongue
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
|||
|
CGR8
|
Mouse
|
Embryonic Stem Cells
|
||||
|
Chinese hamster ovary
|
Hamster
|
Ovary
|
Epithelium
|
|||
|
COR-L23
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
COR-L23/CPR
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
COR-L23/5010
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
COR-L23/R23
|
Human
|
Lung
|
Epithelial
|
|||
|
COS-7
|
Cercopithecus aethiops, origin-defective SV-40
|
Old World monkey - Cercopithecus aethiops (Chlorocebus)
|
Kidney
|
Fibroblast
|
||
|
COV-434
|
Human
|
Ovary
|
Metastatic granulosa cell carcinoma
|
|||
|
CML T1
|
Chronic myeloid leukaemia T lymphocyte 1
|
Human
|
CML acute phase
|
T cell leukaemia
|
||
|
CMT
|
Canine mammary tumor
|
Dog
|
Mammary gland
|
Epithelium
|
||
|
CT26
|
Murine
|
Colon
|
||||
|
D17
|
Canine
|
|||||
|
DH82
|
Canine
|
Histiocytosis
|
||||
|
Human
|
Prostate
|
|||||
|
DuCaP
|
Dura mater cancer of the prostate
|
Human
|
Metastatic prostate cancer
|
Epithelial
|
{Ehrlich ascites carcinoma} mice
|
|
|
E14Tg2a
|
Mouse
|
Embryonic Stem Cells
|
||||
|
EL4
|
Mouse
|
T cell leukaemia
|
||||
|
EM2
|
Human
|
CML blast crisis
|
Ph+ CML line
|
|||
|
EM3
|
Human
|
CML blast crisis
|
Ph+ CML line
|
|||
|
EMT6/AR1
|
Mouse
|
Breast
|
Epithelial-like
|
|||
|
EMT6/AR10.0
|
Mouse
|
Breast
|
Epithelial-like
|
|||
|
FM3
|
Human
|
Metastatic lymph node
|
Melanoma
|
|||
|
Human
|
Lung
|
Lung cancer
|
||||
|
H69
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
HB54
|
Hybridoma
|
Secretes L243 mAb (against HLA-DR)
|
||||
|
HB55
|
Hybridoma
|
Hybridoma
|
secretes MA2.1 mAb (against HLA-A2 and HLA-B17)
|
|||
|
HCA2
|
Human
|
Fibroblast
|
||||
|
Human embryonic kidney
|
Human
|
Kidney (embryonic)
|
Epithelium
|
|||
|
"Henrietta Lacks"
|
Human
|
Epithelium
|
||||
|
Hepa1c1c7
|
Clone 7 of clone 1 hepatoma line 1
|
Mouse
|
Hepatoma
|
Epithelial
|
||
|
Insect (moth) - Trichoplusia
ni
|
Ovary
|
|||||
|
Human leukemia
|
Human
|
Blood cells
|
||||
|
HMEC
|
Human mammary epithelial cell
|
Human
|
Epithelium
|
|||
|
HT-29
|
Human
|
Colon epithelium
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
|||
|
Human umbilical vein endothelial cell
|
Human
|
Umbilical vein endothelium
|
Epithelial
|
|||
|
Human
|
T cell leukemia
|
white blood cells
|
||||
|
Mouse
|
Myeloma
|
B lymphocyte cell
|
||||
|
Human
|
Lymphoblastoid
|
EBV immortalised B cell
|
||||
|
Human
|
Lymphoblastoid
|
CML blast crisis
|
||||
|
Human
|
Lymphoblastoid
|
Erythroleukemia
|
||||
|
Human
|
Lymphoblastoid
|
CML
|
||||
|
Human
|
Lymphoblastoid
|
AML
|
||||
|
Kyoto 1
|
Human
|
Lymphoblastoid
|
CML
|
|||
|
Lymph node cancer of the prostate
|
Human
|
Prostatic adenocarcinoma
|
Epithelial
|
|||
|
Ma-Mel 1, 2, 3....48
|
Human
|
A range of melanoma cell lines
|
||||
|
MC-38
|
Mouse
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
||||
|
Michigan Cancer Foundation-7
|
Human
|
Mammary gland
|
Invasive breast ductal carcinoma
|
ER+, PR+
|
||
|
MCF-10A
|
Michigan Cancer Foundation
|
Human
|
Mammary gland
|
Epithelium
|
||
|
MDA-MB-231
|
M.D. Anderson - metastatic breast
|
Human
|
Breast
|
Cancer
|
||
|
MDA-MB-468
|
M.D. Anderson - metastatic breast
|
Human
|
Breast
|
Cancer
|
||
|
MDA-MB-435
|
M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast
|
Human
|
Breast
|
Melanoma or carcinoma (disputed)
|
||
|
MDCK II
|
Madin Darby canine kidney
|
Dog
|
Kidney
|
Epithelium
|
||
|
MDCK II
|
Madin Darby canine kidney
|
Dog
|
Kidney
|
Epithelium
|
||
|
MG63
|
Human
|
Bone
|
Osteosarcoma
|
|||
|
MOR/0.2R
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
MONO-MAC 6
|
Human
|
WBC
|
Myeloid metaplasic AML
|
|||
|
MRC5
|
Human (foetal)
|
Lung
|
Fibroblast]
|
|||
|
MTD-1A
|
Mouse
|
Epithelium
|
||||
|
MyEnd
|
Myocardial endothelial
|
Mouse
|
Endothelium
|
|||
|
NCI-H69/CPR
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
NCI-H69/LX10
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
NCI-H69/LX20
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
NCI-H69/LX4
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
NIH, 3-day transfer, inoculum 3
x 105 cells
|
Mouse
|
Embryo
|
Fibroblast
|
|||
|
NALM-1
|
Peripheral blood
|
Blast-crisis CML
|
||||
|
NW-145
|
Melanoma
|
|||||
|
OPCN / OPCT cell lines
|
Onyvax prostate
cancer....
|
Range of prostate tumour lines
|
||||
|
Human
|
T cell leukemia
|
|||||
|
PNT-1A / PNT 2
|
Prostate tumour lines
|
|||||
|
human
|
B lymphoma
|
lymphoblast-like
|
||||
|
Rat Basophilic Leukaemia
|
Rat
|
Leukaemia
|
Basophil cell
|
|||
|
RenCa
|
Renal carcinoma
|
Mouse
|
Renal carcinoma
|
|||
|
RIN-5F
|
Mouse
|
Pancreas
|
||||
|
RMA/RMAS
|
Mouse
|
T cell tumour
|
||||
|
S2
|
Insect (D. melanogaster)
|
Late stage (20–24 hours old) embryos
|
||||
|
Human
|
Osteosarcoma
|
|||||
|
Spodoptera frugiperda
|
Insect (moth) - Spodoptera frugiperda
|
Ovary
|
||||
|
Spodoptera frugiperda
|
Insect (moth) - Spodoptera frugiperda
|
Ovary
|
||||
|
SiHa
|
Human
|
Cervical cancer
|
Epithelium
|
|||
|
Sloan-Kettering HER2 3+ Breast Cancer
|
Human
|
Breast carcinoma
|
||||
|
Sloan-Kettering HER2 3+ Ovarian Cancer
|
Human
|
ovary adenocarcinoma
|
||||
|
T2
|
Human
|
T cell leukemia/B cell line hybridoma
|
||||
|
T-47D
|
Human
|
Mammary gland
|
Ductal carcinoma
|
|||
|
T84
|
Human
|
Colorectal carcinoma / Lung metastasis
|
Epithelium
|
|||
|
Cell line
|
Meaning
|
Organism
|
Origin tissue
|
Link
|
||
|
293-T
|
Human
|
Kidney (embryonic)
|
||||
|
"3-day transfer, inoculum 3 x 10^5 cells"
|
Mouse
|
Embryonic fibroblast
|
||||
|
4T1
|
murine
|
breast
|
||||
|
721
|
Human
|
Melanoma
|
||||
|
9L
|
Rat
|
Glioblastoma
|
||||
|
A2780
|
Human
|
Ovary
|
Ovarian cancer
|
|||
|
A2780ADR
|
Human
|
Ovary
|
Adriamycin-resistant derivative
|
|||
|
A2780cis
|
Human
|
Ovary
|
Cisplatin-resistant derivative
|
|||
|
A172
|
Human
|
Glioblastoma
|
Malignant glioma
|
|||
|
A20
|
Murine
|
B lymphoma
|
||||
|
A253
|
Human
|
Head and neck carcinoma
|
||||
|
Human
|
Skin epithelium
|
|||||
|
Human
|
Lungcarcinoma
|
Epithelium
|
||||
|
ALC
|
Murine
|
Stroma
|
||||
|
B16
|
Murine
|
|||||
|
B35
|
Rat
|
|||||
|
Human
|
HIV+ lymphoma
|
|||||
|
BEAS-2B
|
Bronchial epithelium + Adenovirus 12-SV40 virus hybrid
(Ad12SV40)
|
Human
|
Lung
|
Epithelial
|
||
|
bEnd.3
|
Brain endothelial
|
Mouse
|
Brain/cerebral
cortex
|
Endothelium
|
||
|
Baby hamster kidney fibroblast cells
|
||||||
|
BR 293
|
Human
|
Breast
|
Breast cancer
|
|||
|
BxPC3
|
Biopsy xenograph of pancreatic carcinoma line 3
|
Human
|
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
|
Epithelial
|
||
|
Mouse
|
Myoblast cell line
|
|||||
|
C3H-10T1/2
|
Mouse
|
Embryonic mesenchymal cell line
|
||||
|
C6/36
|
Larval tissue
|
|||||
|
C6
|
Rat
|
|||||
|
Cal-27
|
Human
|
Tongue
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
|||
|
Chinese hamster ovary
|
Hamster
|
Ovary
|
Epithelium
|
|||
|
COR-L23
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
COR-L23/CPR
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
COR-L23/5010
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
COR-L23/R23
|
Human
|
Lung
|
Epithelial
|
|||
|
COS-7
|
Cercopithecus aethiops, origin-defective SV-40
|
Ape - Cercopithecus aethiops (Chlorocebus)
|
Kidney
|
Fibroblast
|
||
|
COV-434
|
Human
|
Ovary
|
Metastatic granulosa cell carcinoma
|
|||
|
CML T1
|
Chronic myeloid leukaemia T lymphocyte 1
|
Human
|
CML acute phase
|
T cell leukaemia
|
||
|
CMT
|
Canine mammary tumor
|
Dog
|
Mammary gland
|
Epithelium
|
||
|
CT26
|
Murine
|
Colon
|
||||
|
D17
|
Canine
|
|||||
|
DH82
|
Canine
|
Histiocytosis
|
||||
|
Human
|
Prostate
|
|||||
|
DuCaP
|
Dura mater cancer of the prostate
|
Human
|
Metastatic prostate cancer
|
Epithelial
|
{Ehrlich ascites carcinoma} mice
|
|
|
EL4
|
Mouse
|
T cell leukaemia
|
||||
|
EM2
|
Human
|
CML blast crisis
|
Ph+ CML line
|
|||
|
EM3
|
Human
|
CML blast crisis
|
Ph+ CML line
|
|||
|
EMT6/AR1
|
Mouse
|
Breast
|
Epithelial-like
|
|||
|
EMT6/AR10.0
|
Mouse
|
Breast
|
Epithelial-like
|
|||
|
FM3
|
Human
|
Metastatic lymph node
|
Melanoma
|
|||
|
Human
|
Lung
|
Lung cancer
|
||||
|
H69
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
HB54
|
Hybridoma
|
Secretes L243 mAb (against HLA-DR)
|
||||
|
HB55
|
Hybridoma
|
Hybridoma
|
secretes MA2.1 mAb (against HLA-A2 and HLA-B17)
|
|||
|
HCA2
|
Human
|
Fibroblast
|
||||
|
Human embryonic kidney
|
Human
|
Kidney (embryonic)
|
Epithelium
|
|||
|
"Henrietta Lacks"
|
Human
|
Epithelium
|
||||
|
Hepa1c1c7
|
Clone 7 of clone 1 hepatoma line 1
|
Mouse
|
Hepatoma
|
Epithelial
|
||
|
Insect (moth) - Trichoplusia
ni
|
Ovary
|
|||||
|
Human leukemia
|
Human
|
Blood cells
|
||||
|
HMEC
|
Human mammary epithelial cell
|
Human
|
Epithelium
|
|||
|
HT-29
|
Human
|
Colon epithelium
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
|||
|
Human umbilical vein endothelial cell
|
Human
|
Umbilical vein endothelium
|
Epithelial
|
|||
|
Human
|
T cell leukemia
|
white blood cells
|
||||
|
Mouse
|
Myeloma
|
B lymphocyte cell
|
||||
|
Human
|
Lymphoblastoid
|
EBV immortalised B cell
|
||||
|
Human
|
Lymphoblastoid
|
CML blast crisis
|
||||
|
Human
|
Lymphoblastoid
|
CML blast crisis
|
||||
|
Human
|
Lymphoblastoid
|
Erythroleukemia
|
||||
|
Human
|
Lymphoblastoid
|
CML
|
||||
|
Human
|
Lymphoblastoid
|
AML
|
||||
|
Kyoto 1
|
Human
|
Lymphoblastoid
|
CML
|
|||
|
Lymph node cancer of the prostate
|
Human
|
Prostatic adenocarcinoma
|
Epithelial
|
|||
|
Ma-Mel 1, 2, 3....48
|
Human
|
A range of melanoma cell lines
|
||||
|
MC-38
|
Mouse
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
||||
|
Michigan Cancer Foundation-7
|
Human
|
Mammary gland
|
Invasive breast ductal carcinoma
|
ER+, PR+
|
||
|
MCF-10A
|
Michigan Cancer Foundation
|
Human
|
Mammary gland
|
Epithelium
|
||
|
MDA-MB-231
|
M.D. Anderson - metastatic breast
|
Human
|
Breast
|
Cancer
|
||
|
MDA-MB-468
|
M.D. Anderson - metastatic breast
|
Human
|
Breast
|
Cancer
|
||
|
MDA-MB-435
|
M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast
|
Human
|
Breast
|
Melanoma or carcinoma (disputed)
|
||
|
MDCK II
|
Madin Darby canine kidney
|
Dog
|
Kidney
|
Epithelium
|
||
|
MDCK II
|
Madin Darby canine kidney
|
Dog
|
Kidney
|
Epithelium
|
||
|
MG63
|
Human
|
Bone
|
Osteosarcoma
|
|||
|
MOR/0.2R
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
MONO-MAC 6
|
Human
|
WBC
|
Myeloid metaplasic AML
|
|||
|
MRC5
|
Human (foetal)
|
Lung
|
Fibroblast]
|
|||
|
MTD-1A
|
Mouse
|
Epithelium
|
||||
|
MyEnd
|
Myocardial endothelial
|
Mouse
|
Endothelium
|
|||
|
NCI-H69/CPR
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
NCI-H69/LX10
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
NCI-H69/LX20
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
NCI-H69/LX4
|
Human
|
Lung
|
||||
|
NIH, 3-day transfer, inoculum 3
x 105 cells
|
Mouse
|
Embryo
|
Fibroblast
|
|||
|
NALM-1
|
Peripheral blood
|
Blast-crisis CML
|
||||
|
NW-145
|
Melanoma
|
|||||
|
OPCN / OPCT cell lines
|
Onyvax prostate
cancer....
|
Range of prostate tumour lines
|
||||
|
Human
|
T cell leukemia
|
|||||
|
PNT-1A / PNT 2
|
Prostate tumour lines
|
|||||
|
The second cell line derived from Potorous
tridactylis
|
Rat Kangaroo (Potorous tridactylis)
|
kidney
|
Epithelial
|
|||
|
human
|
B lymphoma
|
lymphoblast-like
|
||||
|
Rat Basophilic Leukaemia
|
Rat
|
Leukaemia
|
Basophil cell
|
|||
|
RenCa
|
Renal carcinoma
|
Mouse
|
Renal carcinoma
|
|||
|
RIN-5F
|
Mouse
|
Pancreas
|
||||
|
RMA/RMAS
|
Mouse
|
T cell tumour
|
||||
|
Human
|
Osteosarcoma
|
|||||
|
Spodoptera frugiperda
|
Insect (moth) - Spodoptera frugiperda
|
Ovary
|
||||
|
Spodoptera frugiperda
|
Insect (moth) - Spodoptera frugiperda
|
Ovary
|
||||
|
SiHa
|
Human
|
Cervical cancer
|
Epithelium
|
|||
|
Sloan-Kettering HER2 3+ Breast Cancer
|
Human
|
Breast carcinoma
|
||||
|
Sloan-Kettering HER2 3+ Ovarian Cancer
|
Human
|
ovary adenocarcinoma
|
||||
|
T2
|
Human
|
T cell leukemia/B cell line hybridoma
|
||||
|
T-47D
|
Human
|
Mammary gland
|
Ductal carcinoma
|
|||
|
T84
|
Human
|
Colorectal carcinoma / Lung metastasis
|
Epithelium
|
|||
|
Human
|
Monocyte
|
AML
|
||||
|
U373
|
Human
|
Glioblastoma-astrocytoma
|
Epithelium
|
|||
|
U87
|
Human
|
Glioblastoma-astrocytoma
|
Epithelial-like
|
|||
|
Human
|
Leukaemic monocytic lymphoma
|
|||||
|
VCaP
|
Vertebra prostate cancer
|
Human
|
Metastatic prostate cancer
|
Epithelial
|
||
|
Vero (truth)
|
African green monkey
|
Kidney epithelium
|
||||
|
WM39
|
Human
|
Skin
|
Primary melanoma
|
|||
|
WT-49
|
Human
|
Lymphoblastoid
|
||||
|
X63
|
Mouse
|
Melanoma
|
||||
|
YAC-1
|
Mouse
|
Lymphoma
|
||||
|
YAR
|
Human
|
B cell
|
EBV transofrmed
|
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