A biorefinery is a facility
that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels,
power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass.
The biorefinery concept is analogous to today's petroleum refinery, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum.
The International
Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 42 on Biorefineries
has defined biorefining as the sustainable processing of biomass into a
spectrum of bio-based products (food, feed, chemicals, materials) and bioenergy
(biofuels, power and/or heat).
By producing multiple products, a
biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their
intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass
feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume,
but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical
products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel
or bioethanol
(see also alcohol fuel).
At the same time generating electricity and process heat, through combined heat and power (CHP) technology, for its own use and perhaps enough for
sale of electricity to the local utility. The high-value products increase
profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power
production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Although some facilities
exist that can be called bio-refineries, the bio-refinery has yet to be fully
realized. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and
materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Examples
The fully operational Blue Marble Energy company has multiple biorefineries located in Odessa, WA
and Missoula, MT.
Canada's first Integrated
Biorefinery, developed on anaerobic digestion technology by Himark BioGas
is located in Hairy Hill, Alberta. The Biorefinery utilizes Source Separated Organics from
the metro Edmonton region, Open Pen Feedlot Manure, and Food Processing Waste.
Several potential biorefinery
examples have been proposed, starting from feedstocks such as tobacco,
flax
straw
and the residues from the production of bioethanol.
Chemrec's technology for black liquor
gasification
and production of second-generation
biofuels such as biomethanol
or BioDME is integrated with a host pulp mill
and utilizes a major sulfate
or sulfite process waste product as feedstock
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