The theory and practice of Environmental impact assessment
developed from the appreciation that development projects can have negative
impacts - externalities which harm the environment. This led to the enactment of
the US National Environmental Policy Act
of 1969.
Environmental impact design is concerned with modifications to the design of
development projects to achieve positive impacts - externalities
which benefit the environment and raise the stock of public goods.
Examples of positive impacts include:
- Habitat creation as a result of afforestation projects
- Coastal management projects which contribute to ecological and recreational objectives
- flood defense projects which create greenways
- public open space projects which contribute to surface water management objectives
- bridge designs which enhance the landscape and contribute to non-transportation objectives
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