Excavator /REF / 15 / 2014

Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the "house"). The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. A cable-operated excavator uses winches and steel ropes to accomplish the movements. They are a natural progression from the steam shovels and often called power shovels. All movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors Due to the linear actuation of hydraulic cylinders, their mode of operation is fundamentally different from cable-operated excavators.

Terminology

Excavators are also called diggers, JCBs (a proprietary name, in an example of a generic trademark), mechanical shovels, or 360-degree excavators (sometimes abbreviated simply to 360). Tracked excavators are sometimes called "trackhoes" by analogy to the backhoe. In the UK, wheeled excavators are sometimes known as "rubber ducks."

Usage

Excavators are used in many ways:

• Digging of trenches, holes, foundations
• Material handling
• Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments
• Forestry work
• Forestry mulching
• Demolition
• General grading/landscaping
• Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining
• River dredging
• Driving piles, in conjunction with a pile driver
• Drilling shafts for footings and rock blasting

Excavator attachments

Hydraulic excavator capabilities have expanded far beyond excavation tasks with buckets. With the advent of hydraulic-powered attachments such as a breaker, a grapple or an auger, the excavator is frequently used in many applications other than excavation. Many excavators feature a quick coupler for simplified attachment mounting, increasing the machine's utilization on the jobsite. Excavators are usually employed together with loaders and bulldozers. Most wheeled, compact and some medium-sized (11 to 18-tonne) Excavators have a backfill (or dozer) blade. This is a horizontal bulldozer-like blade attached to the undercarriage and is used for levelling and pushing removed material back into a hole.
Excavator is the combination of many parts and some of them are known as attachments. These are the parts of excavator that help it to work with functionality at different areas for different purposes. Following is the list of some commonly used excavator attachments:

1. Slab Crab for holding slabs.
2. Grapple is used to pull the big pieces of stone.
3. Concrete Pulverizer is used to pulverize the concrete.
4. Hydraulic Thumb allows you to pull heavy objects and liquids because of highly capable bucket.
5. Bucket normally has teeth that allow the constructer to sweep-out sticky objects from bottom.
6. Auxiliary & Long Sticks extend your opportunity to reach-out the maximum point of your construction.
7. Ripper is same as your finger nail, it exterminates the base easily.
8. Blade Bucket has opened the maximum capability to cut-off the big pieces before pulling them.

HISTORY
 The excavator is a machine which is used to excavate and to move earth in various processes such as in the building trade. Most modern models consist of a cab mounted on to a base which can spin round and an arm mechanism with some form of digging and/or scoop implement at the end. Excavators can dig out earth and then swivel around to move the earth elsewhere.

It is thought that the first excavators were actually powered by steam and that they were being used as early as the late 1700s and early 1800s in some form or other. Early examples here include the Grimshaw Steam Excavator and the Otis Steam Shovel. Developments here saw changes in the ways that these machines worked with inventions such as slew shovels.

Steam shovels played a major role in building various things including the Panama Canal which used over 100 steam shovels in its construction. For many years the steam shovel and the other types of shovels that followed them were the most popular way of excavating.

Soon after this these machines were further developed by the invention of hydraulic excavators and by the late 1800s excavators powered by electric motors were brought to market. Various new types of excavator followed including drag line, backhoe, bucket wheel, long reach, skid loader and suction excavators.
 

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