A road roller (sometimes
called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a compactor
type engineering vehicle used to compact
soil, gravel,
concrete, or
asphalt in the
construction
of roads and foundations, similar rollers are used
also at landfills or in agriculture.
In some parts of the world, road
rollers are still known colloquially as steam rollers,
regardless of their method of propulsion. This typically only applies to the
largest examples (used for road-making).
History
Since the effectiveness of a roller
depends to a large extent on its weight, self-powered vehicles replaced
horse-drawn rollers from the mid-19th century. The first such vehicles were steam
rollers. Single-cylinder steam rollers were generally used for base
compaction and run with high engine revs in a low gear to promote bounce and
vibration from the crankshaft through to the rolls in much the same way as a
vibrating roller. The double cylinder or compound steam rollers became popular
from around 1910 onwards and were used mainly for the rolling of hot-laid
surfaces due to their smoother running engines, however both cylinder types are
capable of rolling the finished surface. Steam rollers were often dedicated to
a task by their gearing as the slower engines were for base compaction whereas
the higher geared models were often referred to as 'chip chasers' which
followed behind the hot tar and chipping laying machines. Some road companies
in the United States used steamrollers through the 1950s, and in the UK, some
remained in commercial service until the early 1970s.
As internal combustion engine technology
improved during the 20th century, kerosene-, gasoline-
(petrol), and diesel-powered rollers gradually replaced their steam-powered
counterparts. The first internal-combustion powered road rollers were very
similar to the steam rollers they replaced. They used similar mechanisms to
transmit power from the engine to the wheels, typically large, exposed spur
gears. Some users did not like them in their infancy, as the engines of the era
were typically difficult to start, particularly the kerosene-powered ones.
Virtually all road rollers in
commercial use now use diesel power.
Uses on a road: Start-to-finish
Road rollers use the weight of the
vehicle to compress the surface being rolled (static) or use mechanical
advantage (vibrating). Initial compaction
of the substrate on a road project is done using a padfoot drum roller, which
achieves higher compaction density due to the pads having less surface area. On
large freeways a four wheel compactor with padfoot drum and a blade, such as a
Caterpillar 815/825 series machine, would be used due to its high weight, speed
and the powerful pushing force to spread bulk material. On regional roads a
smaller single padfoot drum machine may be used. The next machine is usually a
single smooth drum compactor that compacts the high spots down until the soil
is smooth, and this is usually done in combination with a motor grader to get a
level surface. Sometimes at this stage a pneumatic tyre roller would be used.
These rollers feature two rows (front and back) of pneumatic tyres that
overlap, and the flexibility of the tyres provides a kneading action that seals
the surface and with some vertical movement of the wheels, enables the roller
to operate effectively on uneven ground. Once the soil base is flat the pad
drum compactor is no longer used on the road surface. The next course (road
base) would be compacted using a smooth single drum, smooth tandem roller or
pneumatic tyre roller in combination with a grader, and a water truck to
achieve the desired flat surface with the right moisture content for optimum
compaction. Once the road base is compacted, the smooth single drum compactor
is no longer used on the road surface (There is however an exception, if the
single drum has special flat-wide-base tyres on the machine). The final wear
course of asphalt concrete (a.k.a. asphalt or blacktop in
North America, or macadam in England) is laid using a paver and compacted using
a tandem smooth drum roller, a three-point roller or a pneumatic tyre roller.
Three point rollers on asphalt were very common once and are still used, but
tandem vibrating rollers are the usual choice now, with the pneumatic tyre
roller's kneading action being the last roller to seal off the surface.
Rollers are also used in landfill
compaction. Such compactors typically have padfoot or "sheep's-foot"
drums, and do not achieve a smooth surface. The pads aid in compression, due to
the smaller area contacting the ground.
Configurations
The roller can be a simple drum
with a handle that is operated by one person, and weighs 100 pounds, or as
large as a ride-on road roller weighing 22 short tons
(44,000 lb or 20 tonnes) and costing more than US$150,000. A landfill unit may weigh 59 short
tons (54 tonnes).
Roller types
Pedestrian operated
- Rammer (bounce up and down)
- Walk-behind plate compactor/light
- Walk-behind plate compactor/heavy (with reverse)
- Trench roller (manual unit or radio-frequency remote control)
- Walk-behind roller/light (single drum)
- Walk-behind roller/heavy (double drum)
Ride-on smooth finish
- Tandem drum (static)
- Tandem drum (vibrating)
- Single drum roller (smooth)
- Pneumatic-tyre, a.k.a. rubber tyre or multi-wheel
- Combination roller (single row of tyres and a steel drum)
- Three point roller (steam rollers are usually three-point)
Ride-on soil/landfill compactor
with pads/feet/spikes
- Single drum roller (soil)
- 4-wheel (soil/landfill)
- 3-point (soil/landfill)
- Tandem drum (soil/landfill)
Other
- Tractor-mounted and tractor-powered (conversion – see gallery picture below)
- Drawn rollers or towed rollers (were very common once, but not so now)
- Impact compactor (uses a square or polygon drum to strike the ground hard for proof rolling or deep lift compacting)
- Drum roller with rubber coated drum for asphalt compaction
- Log skidder converted to compactor for landfill
- Wheel loader converted to compactor for landfill
Drum types
Drums are available in widths
ranging from 24 to 84 inches (0.6 to 2 metres).
Tyre roller types
Tyre rollers are available in
widths ranging up to 2.7 metres (8.9 ft), with between 7 and 11 wheels
(e.g. 3 wheels at front, 4 at back): 7 and 8 wheel types are normally used in
Europe and Africa; 9 and 11 in America; and any type in Asia. Very heavy tyre
rollers are used to compact soil.
Variations and features
- On some machines, the drums may be filled with water on site to achieve the desired weight. When empty, the lighter machine is easier and cheaper to transport between work sites. On pneumatic tyre rollers the body may be ballasted with water or sand, or for extra compaction wet sand is used. Modern tyre rollers may be filled with steel ballast, which gives a more even balance for better compaction.
- Additional compaction may be achieved by vibrating the roller drums, allowing a small, light machine to perform as well as a much heavier one. Vibration is typically produced by a free-spinning hydrostatic motor inside the drum to whose shaft an eccentric weight has been attached. Some rollers have a second weight that can be rotated relative to the main weight, to adjust the vibration amplitude and thus the compacting force.
- Water lubrication may be provided to the drum surface from on-board "sprinkler tanks" to prevent hot asphalt sticking to the drum.
- Hydraulic transmissions permit greater design flexibility. While early examples used direct mechanical drives, hydraulics reduce the number of moving parts exposed to contamination and allows the drum to be driven, providing extra traction on inclines.
- Human-propelled rollers may only have a single roller drum.
- Self-propelled rollers may have two drums, mounted one in front of the other (format known as "duplex"), or three rolls, or just one, with the back rollers replaced with treaded pneumatic tyres for increased traction.
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